PMC

(a–c) SEM images of the newly grown layer after remineralization in CS-AMEL hydrogel with 1% m/v (a), 2% m/v (b) and 3% m/v (c) chitosan. Insets show the crystal morphology at high magnification. (d) XRD patterns of the newly grown layer after remineralization in CS-AMEL hydrogel with different concentrations of chitosan.

(a–c) SEM images of the newly grown layer after remineralization in CS-AMEL hydrogel with 5.0 mM (a), 7.5 mM (b) and 10 mM (c) of Ca²⁺. Insets show the crystal morphology at high magnification. (d) XRD patterns of the newly grown layer remineralized in CS-AMEL hydrogel with different concentrations of Ca²⁺.