PMC

Inflammatory responses to weight gain and weight loss. Early weight loss leads to an increase in the local release of lipids and to the recruitment of anti-inflammatory macrophages that regulate adipose tissue lipolysis. In contrast, weight gain results in the recruitment of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Necrotic adipocytes lose membrane integrity and release their intracellular contents, including HMGB1, and may stimulate macrophages to trigger an inflammatory response, which further contributes to obesity-associated comorbidities (e.g., insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2).