Altered expression of phospholipid biosynthesis pathway genes in adult PGC-1αβ−/− mice. A, schematic representation of de novo PL biosynthesis and remodeling pathways in mammalian cells. B, results of qRT-PCR analysis of RNA extracted from hearts of 12-week-old wild-type (αβ+/+), PGC-1α−/− (α−/−), PGC-1β−/− (β−/−), and PGC-1αβ−/− (αβ−/−) mice for the following: CDP-DAG synthase (Cds); phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase 1 (Pgs1); protein-tyrosine phosphatase, mitochondrial 1 (Ptpmt1); cardiolipin synthase (Crls); tafazzin (Taz); lipin 1 (Lpin1); phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2C (Chptc); choline phosphotransferase 1 (Chpt1); choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1 (Cept1); phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1; choline (Pcyt1); and phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2, ethanolamine (Pcyt2). Bars represent mean ± S.E. *, p < 0.05 compared with αβ+/+; †, p < 0.05 compared with α−/−; and #, p < 0.05 compared with β−/−. C, quantitative analysis of RNA extracted from cultured NRCMs infected with Ad-PGC-1α (Ad-1α) and Ad-PGC-1β (Ad-1β) adenovirus. Bars represent mean ± S.E. *, p < 0.05 compared with NRCMs infected with Ad-GFP control. D, qRT-PCR analysis of RNA extracted from cultured NRCMs infected with Ad-shPGC-1α and Ad-shPGC-1β (PGC-1α/β knockdown (KD)) adenovirus. Bars represent mean ± S.E. *, p < 0.05 compared with NRCMs infected with Ad-control (−). Additional abbreviations used are as follows: MAM, mitochondrion-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Mito, mitochondria; G3P, glycerol 3-phosphate; PA, phosphatidic acid, CDP-DAG, CDP-diacylglycerol; PGP, phosphatidylglycerolphosphate; PG, phosphatidylglycerol; CL, cardiolipin; MLCL, monolysocardiolipin; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; PAP, phosphatidic acid phosphatase; DAG, diacylglycerol; Chk, choline kinase; p-choline, phosphorylcholine; Etnk, ethanolamine kinase; p-ethanolamine, phosphorylethanolamine; PS, phosphatidylserine; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; Ptdss, phosphatidylserine synthase; Pemt, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; Pisd, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase; AU, arbitrary units.