PMC

Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) in bladder. White light cystoscopy (a) of the right lateral wall / bladder dome regions showed a diffuse area of non-papillary tumor. Under PDD (b), pink fluorescence delineates the extent of neoplastic region which was pathologically confirmed to be carcinoma in situ (CIS).
[This figure is original work.]

Optical biopsy of bladder mucosa using probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE). CLE of normal, low/high grade papillary bladder cancer, CIS, and inflammation shown with corresponding white light cystoscopy (WLC) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the biopsy. Low grade cancer shows characteristic organized papillary structure whereas high grade cancer and CIS show pleomorphic cells and distorted microarchiture. Inflammatory mucosa shows lymphocytic infiltrates.
[This figure is original work.]

Near infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRF) during robotic partial nephrectomy using intravenously injected indocyanine green demonstrating (a) arterial phase enhancement of the primary, secondary and tertiary renal arterial branches of the kidney and (b) hypofluorescent renal mass with surrounding normal fluorescent renal parenchyma.
This figure is reproduced with permission from:
Tobis S, Knopf JK, Silvers CR, Marshall J, Cardin A, Wood RW, Reeder JE, Erturk E, Madeb R, Yao J, et al.: Near Infrared Fluorescence Imaging After Intravenous Indocyanine Green: Initial Clinical Experience With Open Partial Nephrectomy for Renal Cortical Tumors. Urology 2012, 79:958–964.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the bladder and prostate. (a) OCT of normal bladder mucosa showing distinct layers of bladder wall (OG = optical gap, U = urothelium, LP = lamina propria, MP = muscularis propria, White bar = 1 mm); (b) OCT images of a rat seminal vesicle [] and (c) prostatic adipose tissue []; (d) OCT and histologic images of the rat cavernous nerve, oblique section with overlying vacuoles seen within the prostate gland [].
This figure is reproduced with permission from:
a) Fried NM, Rais-Bahrami S, Lagoda GA, Chuang A-Y, Su L-M, Burnett III AL: Identification and Imaging of the Nerves Responsible for Erectile Function in Rat Prostate, In Vivo, Using Optical Nerve Stimulation and Optical Coherence Tomography. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2007, 13:1641–1645.
b) Rais-Bahrami S, Levinson AW, Fried NM, Lagoda GA, Hristov A, Chuang Y, Burnett AL, Su L-M: Optical coherence tomography of cavernous nerves: a step toward real-time intraoperative imaging during nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Urology 2008, 72:198–204.
c) Fried NM, Rais-Bahrami S, Lagoda GA, Chuang A-Y, Su L-M, Burnett III AL: Identification and Imaging of the Nerves Responsible for Erectile Function in Rat Prostate, In Vivo, Using Optical Nerve Stimulation and Optical Coherence Tomography. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2007, 13:1641–1645.
d) [This figure is original work.]