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Figure 1

Figure 1. From: The Role of Tissue Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in the Development of Endothelial Dysfunction and Arterial Stiffness.

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and regulation of insulin signaling phosphorylation of docking protein insulin receptor substrate -1 (IRS-1) is the major converging point in insulin signaling. The phosphorylation of serine residues of IRS-1 by mammalian target of ribosomal p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) acts as a convergence point for the regulation of IRS-1 phosphorylation by nutrients, hormones, and cytokines. Activation of RAAS in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells leads to inhibition of insulin signaling though phosphorylation of serine residues of IRS-1. This results in impaired signaling though attenuation of phosphatidylinsositol-3 kinase (PI3- kinase)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway linked to metabolic insulin signaling. This leads to reduced production of nitric oxide and endothelial dysfunction and altered vascular smooth muscle function.

Annayya R. Aroor, et al. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013;4:161.

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