Forest plot of adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of death after severe traumatic brain injury at the different hospital quartiles of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring use. Quartile 4 has the highest rate of ICP monitoring and quartile 1 (the reference) has the lowest. Dotted line represents the odds of dying at the reference quartile (quartile 1). CI, confidence interval. *ORs were estimated using a random-intercept multilevel model with hospital-specific ICP monitoring rate (categorized into quartiles) as the main exposure and in-hospital mortality as the outcome of interest. Patient-level covariates were age, gender, comorbid illnesses, Glasgow Coma Scale motor score, Abbreviated Injury Scale score for body region head, hypotension on admission, type of intracranial lesion, mechanism of injury, and type of insurance. Hospital-level covariates were volume of traumatic brain injury patients per center, teaching status, and number of hospital beds.