PMC

Evaluation of the total protein content of stomach tissues in different groups of rats. Protein content in groups B1 to B4 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than group A. All represented data are the Mean±SD of the protein content of tissues on mg/g of stomach

LDH activity in the serum of animals before and after treatment with MNNG and/or SAE. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between group A with other groups. The significant difference (P<0.05) was also exist between group B1 with other groups at the end of experiment. The significant difference (P<0.05) between serum LDH activity of each group before and after SAE treatment was also observed

Antioxidant capacity of the plasma of all rats at the end of experiment, which was measured by FRAP method. The significant differences between groups are shown as follows: a = significant difference between group A with B1 and B2; i= significant differences between B₄ with B2

Effect of MNNG administration and SAE treatment on the cell cycle status of the stomach tissue of rats that was determined by flow cytometry. (A). Percentage of the cells placed at G0/G1 phase in different groups. (B). Percentage of the cells at S phase. (C). Percentage of the cells at G2/M phase. a = significant difference between group A with labeled groups; b = significant difference between B₁ with labeled group; i = significant difference between B₂ with labeled group, j = significant difference between B₃ with labeled group.
(D). Apoptosis Index/ Proliferation Index (AI/PI) ratio. AI/PI ratio in group A was lower than other groups and there was a significant difference (P <0.05) between these groups

Histopathologic pictures of stomach of all groups of animals in the study. (A) Normal rat stomach. (B) MNNG-administered rat that show hyperplasia: thickening of stomach glandular mucosa and enhancement of cellular population in gastric glands. (C) MNNG-administered rat that show metaplasia: with mucus-producing cells, presence of goblet cells in stomach that is completely abnormal. The mucus producing cells in stomach are hyperplastic too. (D) MNNG-administered rat that show dysplasia: characteristic difference in shape, size, color and dimension of glandular cells plus increase in number and population of them. (E) MNNG-administered rat that show adenoma: with polymorphonuclear cells, increase in cell population, no mitotic figures and no other signs of malignancy like necrosis, hemorrhage, etc. was observed. The cells are well differentiated and nuclei are not that much active, most of them have heterochromatin, but nucleoli are not obvious