PMC

Serum IL-6 concentrations in control female (n = 4), HFD female (n = 5), control male (n = 6), and HFD male (n = 6) mice. B. Serum mKC concentrations in control female (n = 6), HFD female (n = 7), control male (n = 7), and HFD male (n = 7) mice. C. Serum concentrations of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in control female (n = 8), HFD female (n = 8), control male (n = 8), and HFD male (n = 7) mice. Data are means ± SEM. P<0.05 compared with control (*), compared with female control (†) and compared with female on HFD (‡).

Insulin content (A) and insulin release in 1.7 or 16.7 mM glucose (B) in control female (n = 5), HFD female (n = 6), control male (n = 5), and HFD male (n = 6) mice of isolated pancreatic islets after 48h-culture expressed as ng/µg DNA. Data are means ± SEM. *P<0.05 compared with control.

Pancreatic blood flow (A), islet blood flow per g pancreas (B), and islet blood flow per islet mass (C) in control female (n = 9), HFD female (n = 8), control male (n = 7), and HFD male (n = 7) mice after 14 weeks on diet. Data are means ± SEM. P<0.05 compared with control (*), compared with female control (†) and compared with female on HFD (‡).

A, Body weight in control female (n = 9), HFD female (n = 8), control male (n = 7), and HFD male (n = 7) mice. Serum concentrations of triglycerides (B) and cholesterol (C) in female control (n = 7), female HFD (n = 8), male control (n = 6), and male HFD (n = 7) mice. Data are means ± SEM. P<0.05 compared with control (*), compared with female control (†), and compared with female on HFD (‡).

Pancreatic weight (A), islet fraction (B), total number of islets (C), and islet diameter (D) in control female (n = 9), high-fat diet (HFD) female (n = 8), control male (n = 7), and HFD male (n = 7) mice after 14 weeks of diet. Data are means ± SEM. P<0.05 compared with control (*), compared with female control (†), and compared with female on HFD (‡).

A, Plasma glucose concentrations during 14 weeks of control or HFD in female (n = 7 and 4) and male (n = 4 and 4) mice. B, Glucose tolerance test in non-fasted control female (n = 12), HFD female (n = 10), control male (n = 11), and HFD male (n = 10) mice after 14 weeks of control or HFD. C, Serum insulin concentrations in control female (n = 9), HFD female (n = 8), control male (n = 7), and HFD male (n = 7) mice after 14 weeks on control or HFD. D, Insulin tolerance test in non-fasted control female (n = 4), HFD female (n = 4), control male (n = 4), and HFD male (n = 4) mice after 14 weeks on control or HFD. Data are means ± SEM. P<0.05 compared with control (*), compared with female control (†), and compared with female on HFD (‡).

Number of leukocyte subtypes per mm² of gonadal visceral adipose tissue (A) and mesenteric adipose tissue (B) in control female (n = 4 and 6, respectively), HFD female (n = 7 and 6), control male (n = 5 and 6) and HFD male (n = 8 and 6) mice. F4/80⁺MGL-1⁺ are resident macrophages (M2-like) and F4/80+MGL-1- are inflammatory macrophages (M1-like). P<0.05 for the F4/80⁺MGL-1⁻ macrophages compared with control (*), compared with female control (†) and compared with female on HFD (‡). C. Representative images of stained macrophages in gonadal adipose tissue of control female, HFD female, control male, and HFD male mice. M2-like macrophages are double positive for MGL-1 (Alexa Fluor488, green) and F4/80 (NL557, red), while M1-like macrophages are only positive for F4/80 (red). Nuclei are stained blue (Hoechst33342). Scale bar equals 50 µm and arrows mark crown-like structures. D. Foxp3 mRNA levels in gonadal adipose tissue (n = 6 in all groups). Foxp3 Ct-values were normalized to 18S and the mean of the linearized expression values from female mice on control diet were set as 100%. E. Percentage of Foxp3-positive cells in gonadal and mesenteric adipose tissue in control female (n = 10), HFD female (n = 10), control male (n = 12), and HFD male (n = 13) mice after 14 weeks on HFD. All data are means ± SEM. P<0.05 compared with control (*), compared with female control (†) and compared with female on HFD (‡).