PMC

Microsphere diameter as a function of dwell time

Schematic of nozzle jetting: (a) DOD and (b) CIJ jetting

(a) Basic voltage excitation waveform and (b) its corresponding pressure pulse

Microsphere diameter as a function of sodium alginate concentration and calcium chloride concentration

(a) Bipolar voltage excitation waveform and (b) its corresponding pressure pulse

Effect of echo voltage (Good microspheres using −70 V echo voltage (Case 43) and deformed microspheres using −50 V echo voltage (Case 23) for the insets)

Microsphere diameter as a function of dwell voltage and echo voltage (echo voltage was negative but shown in its absolute value here)

Effect of dwell voltage (Good microspheres using 70 V dwell voltage (Case 46) and deformed microspheres using 50 V dwell voltage (Case 17) for the insets)

Effect of dwell time (Good microspheres using 30 µs dwell time (Case 43) and deformed microspheres using 10 µs dwell time (Case 12) for the insets)

Effect of sodium alginate concentration (Good microspheres using a 1.5% sodium alginate concentration (Case 43) and deformed microspheres with long tailed structure using a 2% sodium alginate concentration (Case 21) for the insets)

Effect of calcium chloride concentration (Good microspheres using 1.5% CaCl₂ concentration (Case 11) and deformed microspheres with short tailed structure using 1% CaCl₂ concentration (Case 21) for the insets)

(a) Excitation voltage waveform and the resulting pressure pulse with an optimal dwell time, (b) the resulting pressure waves near the orifice (the solid line corresponding to the negative pressure pulse and the dashed line corresponding to the positive pressure pulse), and (c) the resulting composite pressure wave if the pressure waves inside the nozzle chamber are in phase