PMC

Schematic presentation of the experimental design used in the present study to elaborate the inflammation-modulating effects of CeO₂ nanoparticles.
Abbreviation: LPS, lipopolysaccharides.

Transmission electron microscopic analysis of CeO₂ nanoparticle-treated human monocytes. Cells were treated with (A) media, (B) 0.5 μg/mL, and (C) 1 μg/mL CeO₂ nanoparticles for 24 hours and ultrastructural changes were observed.
Note: Arrows point to the particle aggregates.

Physicochemical characterization of CeO₂ nanoparticles. (A) Transmission electron microscopic images of nanoparticle suspensions (low and high magnification). (B) X-ray diffraction analysis pattern of CeO₂ nanoparticles. (C) Dynamic light scattering analysis of CeO₂ nanoparticles suspension (1 μg/mL) in ex-vivo cell culture medium performed using Malvern Zetasizer Nano.

Evaluation of inflammation-modulating ability of CeO₂ nanoparticles in human monocytes. Cells were treated according to the protocol presented in and the amount of IL-1β in cell culture supernatants was analyzed by the Bioplex assay according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Notes: Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean and analyzed by analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. n = 5–10; ***P < 0.001.
Abbreviations: IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; LPS, lipopolysaccharides.

Evaluation of inflammation modulating ability of CeO₂ nanoparticles in human monocytes. Cells were treated according to the protocol presented in and the amount of TNF-α in cell culture supernatants was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Notes: Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean and analyzed by analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. n = 5–10; ***P < 0.001.
Abbreviations: LPS, lipopolysaccharides; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Evaluation of human monocyte cytotoxicity after exposure to CeO₂ nanoparticles. (A) Cells were treated with different doses of nanoparticles (0.5–10 μg/mL) for 24 or 48 hours, stained with propidium iodide for membrane integrity, and analyzed using flow cytometry. (B) Cells were exposed to noncytotoxic doses of CeO₂ nanoparticles either in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharides for 24 or 48 hours as shown in , stained with propidium iodide and analyzed using flow cytometry.
Notes: Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean and analyzed by analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. n = 5; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
Abbreviations: PI, propidium iodide; LPS, lipopolysaccharides.