PMC

Static (a) and dynamic (b) testing apparatus. Both apparatuses were rigidly fixed to a concrete pedestal (Fig. ) for all static and dynamic testing.

Dynamic error results. (a) Box and whiskers plot displaying range, 25–75 percentile, and median dynamic error for each specimen. (b) Mean (+1 SD) absolute dynamic error for each specimen.

Static error results. (a) and (b). Box and whiskers rotational (a) and translational (b) plot displaying range, 25–75 percentile, and median static error for each specimen. (c) and (d). Mean (+1 SD) rotational (c) and translational (d) absolute static error for each specimen.

Images displaying the morphology of the three bones used in this study. Panels (a), (b), and (c) are the 3D CT models of the distal femur, distal radius, and distal ulna, respectively.

Cumulative distributions of all velocities and accelerations tested during the dynamic protocols. The full cumulative distributions of velocities and accelerations are shown in (a) and (c), respectively. The majority of velocities and accelerations are shown in (b) and (d), respectively. These data are taken from the data windowed by the vertical dotted lines present in (a) and (c).

Illustrated representation of the experimental testing environment within the W. M. Keck Foundation XROMM Facility. The dynamic testing apparatus is positioned within the field of view determined by the overlapping X-ray beams. A representative X-ray beam is illustrated with dotted lines projecting from one of the X-ray sources.

XROMM Autoscoper 3D software environment. This figure illustrates the before ((a) and (b)) and after ((c) and (d)) results obtained from the auto-registration algorithm using an initial guess that was extrapolated from the previous frames. Additionally, the constrained-axis rotation and translation manipulators are shown in (a) and (b) and (c) and (d), respectively. The Autoscoper software (executable and source) is publically available.