PMC

Illustration of item-specific and relational test procedures and task stimuli. (A) Memory encoding and (B) memory retrieval.

Mean (± SD) recognition accuracy (hit rate—false alarm rate) in healthy control subjects on the 3 test forms of the RISE paradigm. (A) Item recognition performance and (B) associative recognition performance.

Mean (± SE) familiarity and recollection during item recognition in healthy controls (dark bars) and patients with schizophrenia (light bars). (A) Familiarity (F) reveals a group by encoding condition interaction, with disproportionate patient impairments following relational vs item-specific encoding, (B) Recollection (R) reveals a main effect of group, with lower patient vs control performance.

Mean (± SE) recognition accuracy (hit rate—false alarm rate). (A) Item recognition in healthy controls (dark bars) and patients with schizophrenia (light bars) reveals a group by encoding condition interaction, with disproportionate patient impairments following relational vs item-specific encoding and (B) associative recognition reveals a main effect of group, with lower patient vs control performance.

Distribution of confidence ratings (mean ± SE) for new and old items during the item recognition task in patients (red bars) and healthy controls (blue bars). Confidence ratings for previously studied targets (old) are represented by solid bars, and confidence ratings for never-studied foils (new) are represented by shaded bars. As can be seen, the largest proportion of responses are high confident responses during correct identification of targets as old (right most end of graph) and correct rejection of foils as new (left most end of graph).