PMC

Profilin1 activity in CGNs and GC is required for CGN–GC adhesion and radial migration. (A) Representative time-lapse images showing reduced migration of profilin1-deficient CGNs (CGN^−/−) along processes of control GC (GC^+/+) and of control CGN (CGN^+/+) along processes of profilin1-deficient GC (GC^−/−). Scale bar, 10 μm. (B) When profilin1 was absent in CGNs (CGN^−/−/GC^+/+) or in GC (CGN^+/+/GC^−/−), mean CGN migration velocity was significantly reduced (CGN^+/+/GC^+/+: 56.3±4.5 μm/h, n=17; CGN^−/−/GC^+/+: 38.4±2.7 μm h⁻¹, n=21, P<0.01; CGN^+/+/GC^−/−: 39.7±3.1 μm h⁻¹, n=16, P<0.01). (C) Compared with adhesion of control CGNs and control GC (CGN^+/+/GC^+/+: 22.6±1.7 cells per mm²; n=20), CGN–GC adhesion was significantly impaired when profilin1 was absent from either CGNs (CGN^−/−/GC^+/+: 11.6±1.0 cells per mm²; n=11; P<0.001) or GC (CGN^+/+/GC^−/−: 7.4±1.5 cells per mm²; n=8; P<0.001). (D) Mena and vinculin immunoreactivity in isolated CGN^+/+ and CGN^−/− attached to processes of GC^+/+ (GCP). Scale bar, 5 μm. Dashed line in the upper left micrograph exemplarily illustrates CGN–GC junctions as chosen for further analyses. (E) Mean Mena and vinculin fluorescence intensities in CGN–GC junctions were reduced when profilin1 was absent from CGNs (Mena: CGN^+/+/GC^+/+: 48.0±5.1 AU; CGN^−/−/GC^+/+: 26.3±4.5 AU; n=8; P<0.01; vinculin: CGN^+/+/GC^+/+: 37.1±3.8 AU; CGN^−/−/GC^+/+: 19.5±3.7 AU; n=9; P<0.01). AU, arbitrary units; CGN, cerebellar granule neuron; GC, glial cell.

Impaired radial migration of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in profilin1 mutants. (A–C) Representative images of BrdU⁺ cells (green) in the cerebellar cortex (A) 48 h, (B) 72 h and (C) 96 h after BrdU injection at postnatal day (P) 8. Sections were counterstained with PI (magenta). Examples for rounded (white arrowheads) and elongated (yellow arrowheads) CGNs located in the ML are shown in C. Scale bar, 50 μm for A–C. (D) Mean migration distance of BrdU⁺ cells was reduced in mutants at all time points (48 h: controls: 79.4±3.4 μm; mutants:55.0±4.4 μm; n=6 images from 3 mice; P<0.01; 72 h: controls: 109.7±3.7 μm; mutants: 97.6±8.6 μm; n=6/3; P<0.05; 96 h: controls: 169.5±8.7 μm; mutants: 111.5±7.5 μm; n=6/3; P<0.001). BrdU, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine; CGN, cerebellar granule neuron; EGL, external granule cell layer; IGL, internal granule cell layer; ML, molecular layer; PI, propidium iodide.

Ectopic CGNs in profilin1 mutants. (A) Nissl staining revealed normal cerebellar cortex cytoarchitecture in P8 mutants. Scale bar, 50 μm in A–C. (B) In P12 mutants, layering of the cerebellar cortex was normal, whereas the ML cell density appeared higher. (C) Increased ML cell density, an irregularly shaped PCL (dashed lines) and gaps within the PCL (arrowhead) were noted in P60 mutants. (D) ML cell densities were significantly increased in mutants at P12 (controls: 4,702±222 cells per mm²; mutants: 7,411±206 cells per mm²; n=12 images from 6 mice; P<0.001) and P60 (controls: 1,975±150 cells per mm²; mutants: 3,397±119 cells per mm²; n=16/8; P<0.001), but not at P8 (controls: 5,182±221 cells per mm²; mutants: 6,069±387 cells per mm²; n=6/3; P=0.07). (E) NeuN immunoreactivity (green) and PI counterstaining (magenta) in the ML at P60. Scale bar, 40 μm. Yellow arrowheads indicate PI⁺/NeuN⁻ cells, whereas blue arrowheads indicate PI⁺/NeuN⁺ cells. (F) Although the number of PI⁺/NeuN⁻ cells was unchanged (controls: 1,971±88 cells per mm²; mutants: 1,789±115 cells per mm²; n=6/3; P=0.242), the number of PI⁺/NeuN⁺ cells was increased in the mutant ML (controls: 292±42 cells per mm²; mutants: 1,459±76 cells per mm²; P<0.001). CGN, cerebellar granule neuron; EGL, external granule cell layer; IGL, internal granule cell layer; ML, molecular layer; NeuN, neuron-specific nuclear protein; NS, not significant; P, postnatal day; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; PI, propidium iodide.

Cerebellar hypoplasia in profilin1 mutants. (A) Immunoblot analysis proved efficient profilin1 deletion in mutant brains. Profilin2 levels were unchanged. Actin served as a loading control. (B) The cerebellum (arrow) was smaller in P60 mutants. Scale bar, 3 mm. (C,D) Nissl-stained parasagittal sections of a control and a mutant at P8 (C) and P60 (D). Asterisks depict folia 4/5 that were used for morphometric analysis () and are shown at a higher magnification in . Scale bar, 1 mm. (E) In adult huGE mice expressing GFP actin under the control of the profilin1 promoter, GFP signal was intense in the CGN-containing IGL and the ML, but not in the white matter. Scale bar, 50 μm. (F,G) Moreover, GFP signal was present in both calbindin-positive PC (F) and GFAP-positive BG (G). Scale bar, 20 μm in F and G. BG, Bergmann glia; CGN, cerebellar granule neuron; E, embryonic day; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFP, green fluorescent protein; IGL, internal granule cell layer; ML, molecular layer; P, postnatal day; PC, Purkinje cells.