PMC

Transmission electron micrographs showing cross-sectional images of the 20% W₈₀5EC NE with and without 30 μg total HA. The panel on the right illustrates that HA antigens are located in oil droplets. The darkly stained antigens are located outside the NE particles.

HAI titers against A/Solomon Islands, A/Wisconsin, and B/Malaysia viruses following vaccination of naïve ferrets with NE-adjuvanted Fluzone. Ferrets received 500 μl vaccine containing HA doses ranging from 0.9 to 7.5 μg. Sera were collected on day 27 following a single intranasal vaccination on day 1. The numbers above the bars represent the seroconversion rates.

Cross-protection, as determined by HAI titers and percent seroconversion against several influenza A (H3N2) viruses, following intranasal vaccination with different doses of W₈₀5EC-adjuvanted commercial vaccine (Fluzone). Ferrets received 500 μl vaccine containing HA doses ranging from 0.9 to 7.5 μg. Sera were collected on day 27 following a single intranasal vaccination on day 1.

Effect of NE adjuvant concentration on immune response. The data shown are HAI titers against A/Brisbane/59, A/Brisbane/10, and B/Florida following single intranasal vaccination with various NE concentrations mixed with 3 μg total HA antigen in a 200-μl total volume. Control ferrets received 500 μl i.m. Sera were collected on day 27 following a single intranasal vaccination on day 1. The numbers above the bars represent the seroconversion rates.

Effect of volume of NE vaccine on immune response. The data are HAI titers against A/Brisbane/59, A/Brisbane/10, and B/Florida following single intranasal vaccination with various NE-adjuvanted vaccines containing 10% or 20% NE mixed with 6 or 12 μg total HA antigen. The 6-μg dose was formulated in a 100-μl volume, and the 12-μg dose was formulated in a 200-μl volume. Control ferrets received 500 μl i.m. Sera were collected on day 27 following a single intranasal vaccination on day 1. The numbers above the bars represent the seroconversion rates.

HAI titers against A/Solomon Islands, A/Wisconsin, and B/Malaysia viruses following vaccination of naïve ferrets with NE-adjuvanted Fluvirin. Ferrets received 500 μl vaccine containing HA doses ranging from 7.5 to 36 μg. Sera were collected on day 27 following a single intranasal vaccination on day 1. The numbers above the bars represent the seroconversion rates. There was a statistically significant difference (*) between NE-adjuvanted vaccine and nasal nonadjuvanted vaccine for all strains with all doses (P ≤ 0.05), with the following exceptions: A/Wisconsin strain at 22.5 μg HA (P = 0.1) and B/Malaysia strain at 7.5 μg HA (P = 0.08).

HAI titers against A/Solomon Islands, A/Wisconsin, and B/Malaysia viruses following vaccination of naïve ferrets with NE-adjuvanted Fluzone. Ferrets received 500 μl vaccine containing HA doses ranging from 7.5 to 36 μg. Sera were collected on day 27 following a single intranasal vaccination on day 1. The numbers above the bars represent the seroconversion rates. There was a statistically significant difference (*) between nasal NE-adjuvanted vaccine and nasal nonadjuvanted vaccine for the A/Solomon Islands and B/Malaysia strains with all the doses administered (P ≤ 0.06). For the A/Wisconsin strain, a statistically significant difference was observed only between the 36-μg adjuvanted and nonadjuvanted Fluzone vaccines (P = 0.004). There was no significant difference between the 7.5-μg (P = 0.6) or 22.5-μg (P = 0.4) adjuvanted vaccine and the 36-μg nonadjuvanted vaccine.