PMC

Neural enhancement due to temporal expectation in auditory cortex.
(A) Stimulus paradigm used by Jaramillo and Zador []. Targets (frequency modulated tones) were presented within a train of roving pure tone frequencies. In separate testing blocks, targets had a high probability of being presented either early (top panel) or late in the train (bottom panel).
(B) Cartoon of frequency tuning curves in rat auditory cortex during the early phase of “expect-early” (red) or “expect-late” (blue) testing blocks. Spike rate responses to both the preceding tones and the target sounds were enhanced during periods of high temporal expectancy, but only if the stimulus frequency was close to the neuron’s preferred frequency. Adapted from Jaramillo and Zador [].