PMC

The alkane degradation pathway from P. putida is adapted from Witholt and co-workers []. Nitrogenase is shown along with the pathway for the production of FeMoCo []. All images reproduced with permission.

The colors of the genes loosely classify their functions. Many genes contain multiple functions. A classification of being “structural” includes genes genes that associate with a large complex and are necessary for function; for example ATPases in type I pili and type III secretion.

The signaling network formed by the σ_B gene cluster is shown []. Environmental stress is received by the stressosome, whereas energy stress is sensed by a different branch of the pathway. Quorum sensing pathways from Pseudomonas aeruginosa [] are shown with their synthetic use to build pattern-forming programs in E. coli []. All images reproduced with permission. The CRISPR image adapted from one drawn by James Atmos.

The image is of an organelle containting 10-100 associated 2.5 megadalton NRPS-PKS megacomplexes from B. subtilis []. The erythromycin pathway is shown from Saccharopolyspora erythraea NRRL 2338 and echinomycin pathway from Streptomyces lasaliensis. For erythromycin, chemical groups added by post-assembly-line tailoring enzymes (two P450s and two glycosyltransferases) are shown in red. Abbreviations: A = adenylation, T = thiolation, C = condensation, E = epimerization, MT = methyltransferase, TE = thioesterase, AT = acyltransferase, KS = ketosynthase, KR = ketoreductase, DH = dehydratase, ER = enoylreductase. Bacteriochlorophyll (bottom left) is incorporated into light harvesting complexes. FeMoCo (bottom right) is produced by a metabolic pathway () and incorporated into nitrogenase (image from []). All images reproduced with permission.

A schematic (left) and image (right) is shown for each system that appears in this review. (clockwise from top left) A reconstruction of the cryo-EM structure of the Salmonella type III secretion system is shown along with an image of multiple needle complexes spanning the inner and outer membranes [, ]. A schematic of the C. thermocellum cellulosome is shown with their surface localization []. The crystal structure of the R. sphaerodes Reaction center and LH1 (center) and LH2 (outer eight rings) are shown next to a high-resolution AFM of the photosynthetic membrane of Rsp. photometricum (inset) []. A cartoon of the type I pili from G. sulfurreducens (Fe³⁺ oxide is shown localized at the tip) [] is compared to a SEM of the pilus-like appendages from S. oneidensis MR-1 []. The cryo-EM structure of the B. subtilis stressosome and their localization using RsbR-specific antibodies are shown []. An idealized {100}+{111} Fe₃O₄ crystal is shown with an image of a magnetosome chain []. An electron micrograph of a gas vesicle from Hfx. Mediterranei [] and the packing of multiple vesicles in Microcystis sp. [] are shown. Carboxysomes are shown from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 along with the pathway for carbon dioxide fixation []. All images reproduced with permission.