PMC

Hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol content in rats challenged with a high fat/sucrose diet following HP, HF or C diets. Results are presented as mean ± SE, n = 9-10 per group. Significant sex and diet effects are indicated in the graphs. Diet treatments with different letters within a gene represent a significant difference (p < 0.05).

Plasma GLP-1, glucagon and leptin in rats during an oral glucose tolerance test following a high fat/sucrose diet challenge. Results are presented as mean ± SE, n = 8-9 per group. No sex effect was detected for GLP-1, glucagon and leptin, therefore male and female data were combined. Panel A provides the serial values of plasma GLP-1 during the OGTT. In Panel A, the * represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HF and HP at the indicated time points. Panel B provides the serial values of plasma glucagon. Panel C provides the serial values of leptin. In Panel C, the * represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HP versus HF and C. The † represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HP and HF at 15 minutes.

Gene expression in the intestine (A) and liver (B) of rats challenged with a high fat/sucrose diet following HP, HF or C diets. Results are presented as mean ± SE, n = 9-10 per group. No sex effect was detected, therefore male and female data were combined. Diet treatments with different letters within a gene represent a significant difference (p < 0.05). Sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT-1), glucose transporter (GLUT); hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase.

Blood glucose and plasma insulin and amylin in rats during an oral glucose tolerance test following a high fat/sucrose diet challenge. Results are presented as mean ± SE, n = 8-9 per group. Panel A provides the serial values of blood glucose during the OGTT. No sex effect was detected for glucose or insulin, therefore male and female data were combined. The * in Panel A represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HF versus HP and C. Panel B provides the serial values of plasma insulin. Panel C provides the serial values of amylin in female rats. In Panel C, the * represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HF and C at the indicated time points. Panel D provides the serial values of amylin in male rats.

Energy intake of male and female rats that consumed a C, HF or HP diet from weaning until 14 wk of age and were then switched to a HFHS diet for 6 wk. Results are presented as mean ± SE, n = 5 per group. Panel A provides the energy intake in male rats measured daily for a week every two weeks throughout the study. Rats were switched from their weaning diet (C, HF or HP) to HFHS at 14 wk of age and consumed it until study completion at 20 wk of age. Panel B provides the energy intake in female rats measured for daily for a week every two weeks throughout the study. In Panel A, the * represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HP versus HF and C. The † represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HF versus HP and C. The § represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HP versus HF. In Panel B, the * represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HP versus HF and C. The † represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HF versus HP. The § represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HF versus C.

Body weight of male and female rats that consumed a C, HF or HP diet from weaning until 14 wk of age and were then switched to a HFHS diet for 6 wk. Results are presented as mean ± SE, n = 10 per group. Panel A provides the longitudinal measures of body weight in male rats that consumed C, HF or HP diet from weaning (3 wk) until young adulthood (14 wk). Panel B provides body weight for male rats when switched to HFHS diet for 6 wk until 20 wk of age. Panel C provides longitudinal body weight in female rats that consumed C, HF or HP diet from weaning (3 wk) until young adulthood (14 wk). Panel D provides body weight for female rats when switched to HFHS diet for 6 wk until 20 wk of age. In all Panels, the * represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HF versus C and HP at the indicated time point. The † represents a difference (p < 0.05) between HF and HP.