PMC

Mean Simple Reaction Time (SRT) scores in minutes (ms) for the four test groups (healthy controls (Control), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (Lupus) and multiple sclerosis (MS); error bars represent Standard Error. These scores represent “average” SRT scores, calculated by combining participants’ performance on the two SRT subtests on the ANAM (SRT1+SRT2/2).

Average subtest throughput scores for the four test groups (healthy controls (Control), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (Lupus) and multiple sclerosis (MS); error bars represent Standard Error. The ANAM subtests were Continuous Performance subtest (CPT), Sternberg Memory Scanning paradigm (ST6), code substitution subtests (CDS and CDD), Matching Grids (MTG), Match to Sample (MSP), Mathematical Processing (MTH). Throughput represents the average number of correct responses per minute. The individual subtest data points for each group are connected for illustration purposes only. Higher scores represent better performance. The greater overlap between groups relative to (i.e. adjusted inverse efficiency scores) reflects the impact of simple reaction time differences on the performance in the ANAM subtests.

Mean subtest inverse efficiency scores for the four test groups (healthy controls (Control), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (Lupus) and multiple sclerosis (MS) adjusted for simple reaction time; error bars represent Standard Error. The ANAM subtests were Continuous Performance subtest (CPT), Sternberg Memory Scanning paradigm (ST6), code substitution subtests (CDS and CDD), Matching Grids (MTG), Match to Sample (MSP), Mathematical Processing (MTH). Adjusted inverse efficiency scores were calculated by first subtracting individual average simple reaction time scores from individual average reaction time scores on the other ANAM subtests. The resulting scores were divided by the proportion of correct responses on each subtest to account for the speed-accuracy tradeoff and to reflect the efficiency of performance. Higher scores represent poorer/less efficient performance. The individual subtest data points for each group are connected for illustration purposes only.