Effects of 12(S)-HETE and 12-LO blockade on pp38-MAPK protein activity. Human islets were treated with cytokines (10 ng/ml for TNF-α, 100 ng/ml for IFN-γ, and 5 ng/ml for IL-1β in PBS), cytokines + CDC (1 μm), 12(S)-HETE (100 nm), or vehicle for 30 min and collected for Western blot. A, Representative Western blots showing pp38-MAPK, total p38-MAPK protein, ppJNK 1 and -2, and actin for each condition. B, Protein levels quantified for each protein in panel A and normalized to the actin control. The results are presented as the means ± sd. *, P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding control; #, P < 0.05 compared with the cytokine treatment group. 12sH, 12(S)-HETE.