PMC

Age and sex effects on behavioral responses to social intrusion. The bars depict least square means and standard errors (# indicates a significant main effect after Bonferroni correction from the analysis of variance, and * indicates a significant difference at p < .05 using Fisher's least significant difference post hoc tests). (A) High-risk Aggression factor. (B) Gregariousness/Boldness, characterized by spending time in social contact with the intruder animal. (C) Harm Avoidance.

Age and sex effects on the individual behavioral components contributing to the High-Risk Aggression factor. The bars depict least square means and standard errors (# indicates a significant main effect after Bonferroni correction from the analysis of variance, and * indicates a significant difference at p < .05 using Fisher's least significant difference post hoc tests). (A) Contact aggression by the test subject to the intruder. In addition to the sex difference indicated in the graph, there was also a main effect of age, with adults displaying more contact aggression than subadults. (B) Receive contact aggression from the intruder. In addition to the sex difference indicated in the graph, there was also a main effect of age, with adults receiving more contact aggression from the intruder than subadults. (C) Receive noncontact aggression from the intruder.

Interaction of genotype and rearing condition on aggressive responses to social intrusion in male rhesus macaques. The bars depict least square means (adjusted for the covariate, age) and standard errors (# indicates a significant main effect after Bonferroni correction from the analysis of variance, and * indicates a significant difference at p < .05 using Fisher's least significant difference post hoc tests). (A) High-Risk Aggression factor. (B) Contact aggression by the test subject to the intruder. (C) Receive contact aggression from the intruder. (D) Receive noncontact aggression from the intruder. Although the graph appears to indicate an interaction of rearing condition and genotype, this effect was not significant after the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (see ). In addition to the main effect of rearing condition depicted in the graph, there was a main effect of genotype, with l/s subjects receiving more noncontact aggression from the intruder than l/l subjects. MR, mother-reared; NR, nursery-reared.