PMC

Fecundity (mx) for D. magna fed GM-maize (dashed lines) and UM-maize (solid lines), without predator (n = 60), with predator (n = 20) and all samples combined (n = 80)

Survival (lx) for D. magna fed GM-maize (dashed lines) and UM-maize (solid lines), without predator (n = 60), with predator (n = 20) and all samples combined (n = 80)

(Top): effects of predator treatment (dashed line = predator, solid line = no predator) on (st)age-specific fecundity (left) and the contributions of those effects on population growth rate (right). (Bottom): effects of predator on (st)age-specific survival (left) and the contributions of those effects on population growth rate (right)

Mean body size (whiskers, 95% CI) of D. magna fed on GM-maize (open squares) and UM-maize (filled circles) at days 17, 29 and 42. The p-values of significant differences are shown (t-test)

Population growth rate per month (lambda—whiskers, 95% bootstrap CI) for D. magna fed unmodified (UM) and modified (GM) maize, without predator (n = 60), with predator (n = 20) and for all samples combined (n = 80)

(Top): decomposition of food treatment (dashed line = GM, solid line = UM) effects on the (st)age-specific fecundity for the total material (n = 80). Left panel shows absolute effects (relative to the mean) and right panel shows the contributions of those effects on the population growth rate. (Bottom): decomposition of food treatment effects on the (st)age-specific survival. Left panel shows absolute effects (relative to the mean) and right panel shows the contributions of those effects on the population growth rate