PMC

Pharmacological inhibition of inflammatory signal pathways. Dysregulation of NF-κB (green), PI3K/Akt/mTOR (pink), and JAK/STAT (blue) signaling as well as PGE₂ synthesis (yellow) contribute to inflammation seen in HNSCC as described in this review. Signal cascades activate (solid arrows) downstream targets and changes (dashed arrows) in target phosphorylation (circles), ubiquitination (triangles), association, or localization. Drugs (orange) have been developed to inhibit these pathways (blocking arrows), and several are depicted with their currently understood targets of activity.