PMC

Schematic diagram of sample models. (a) Voigt body model for the mechanical wave driver. (b) Voigt body models for mechanical wave driver coupled to tissue or silicone phantom.

Schematic diagram of the OCE system. In the OCE system the sample stage is driven upward by the mechanical wave driver, compressing the tissue against a fixed optically-transparent window. Step- or sinusoidally-driven mechanical displacements are synchronized with the OCE acquisition system. For M-mode measurements, the X–Y scanning mirrors remain stationary during acquisition.

Phase-resolved OCE map of human breast tissue elasticity. a, B-mode OCT image of breast tissue. The left side of this image represents the adipose tissue while the right side of the image represents the tumor tissue. b, Histology image corresponding to a. c, Map of elasticity by sinusoidally-driven phase-resolved OCE. d, Error map of elasticity by sinusoidally-driven phase-resolved OCE. Unit for color bar is kPa.

Measured elastic moduli results by three methods. Measured elastic moduli results with error bars were acquired from step-driven and sinusoidally-driven OCE methods. Measurements were from silicone tissue phantoms of different mass concentration ratios of pure PDMS fluid to the cross-linking PDMS GE-RTV-615 A. Measurements are calibrated with the results from a standard commercial indentation method.

OCE images of silicone tissue phantoms. (a) B-mode OCT image of a representative silicone tissue phantom. Dashed arrow denotes the position of the laser beam for M-mode OCT imaging. (b) M-mode OCT image of the silicone tissue phantom at the laser beam position in (a). (c) M-mode OCE image with a step-driven waveform. (d) Zoomed-in image of the dotted range in (c). The dashed line represents the driving waveform and the solid line represents the fitted curve, while the image data between the curves shows the scattering particle movement. (e) M-mode OCE image with a sinusoidally-driven waveform. (f) Zoomed-in image of the dotted range in (e). The dashed line represents the driving waveform (amplitude rescaled) and the solid line represents the fitted curve, while the image data between the curves is due to the scattering particle movement.

OCE of human breast tissue. (a) B-mode OCT image of breast tissue. The left side of this image represents the adipose tissue while the right side of the image represents the tumor tissue. Dotted arrows denote the two positions which have corresponding OCE images. (b) Histology image corresponding to (a). (c) M-mode sinusoidally-driven OCE image of the breast tissue at the laser beam position on the left side in (a). (d) Magnified image of the dotted range in (c). The dotted line represents the driving wave form and the solid line represents the fitted curve, while the one between them is the real particle motion track. (e) M-mode sinusoidally-driven OCE image of the breast tissue at the laser beam position on the right side in (a). (f) Magnified image of the dotted range in (e). The dotted line represents the driving wave from and the solid line represents the fitted curve, while the one between them is the real particle motion track.