PMC

The Phylogeny of Haplogroup D Complete Sequences
The phylogeny of haplogroup D complete sequences found in Arctic Siberians in comparison to their South Siberian counterparts.

The Phylogeny of Haplogroup D Complete Sequences, Continued
For expediency, we redefine the assignment of D4h3 (now D10) used by Tamm et al. and Derenko et al.

The Phylogeny of Haplogroup C Complete Sequences
For additional information, see the legend. For expediency, we redefine the assignment of C4c used by Tamm et al., now C2c.

Map of Siberia and Adjacent Part of North Pacific, Showing mtDNA Sampling Locations
Black squares represent locations of the Nganasan, dots the Yukaghir, triangles the Chukchi, squares the Eskimos, and the white circle the Chuvantsi.

Phylogenetic Relationships between 12 Populations, Determined with the Frequencies of the Observed Subhaplogroups.
Haplogroup composition and frequencies in Canadian and Greenland Eskimos and in Aleutian Islands Aleut mtDNAs are adopted from Helgason et al. and Rubicz et al., respectively.

The Phylogenetic Tree of Haplogroup A Complete Sequences Revealed in Siberia-Beringia
Mutation positions, relative to the revised Cambridge Reference Requence, are transitions unless the base change is specified. Deletions are indicated by a “d” preceding the deleted nucleotides. Insertions are indicated by a “+” preceding the inserted nucleotide. Reversal mutations are underlined, whereas heteroplasmy is indicated as C/T, A/G, or vice versa. Point mutations at 16182 and 16183 are excluded because of their dependence on the presence of C-T transition at 16189; the length variation in the poly-C stretch at nts 309–315 and point mutation at 16519 was omitted because of their hypervariability. In bold are new sequences generated through the course of this study. When two or more identical samples belong to the same group, their number is given in brackets.