PMC

Error bars are standard errors.

(A) Assuming μ = 0.04, the solid line shows the value of H needed to produce p̂ = 0.90, and the dashed line shows the value of H needed to produce p̂ = 0.94.
(B) Assuming H = 0.55, the solid line shows the value of μ needed to produce p̂ = 0.90, and the dashed line shows the value of μ needed to produce p̂ = 0.94.
(C) Assuming H = 0.55 and μ = 0.045 (dashed line) or μ = 0.0225 (solid line), this shows how p̂ changes.

Isofemale lines originated from California in 1988 (hatched bars), 1999 (grey bars), and 2002 (white bars). Error bars are 95% confidence intervals.

Intensity of selection, s, needed to explain a current frequency of 0.8 (solid line), 0.4 (short-dashed line), or 0.1 (long-dashed line) as a function of the initial allele frequency measured in units of log₁₀, assuming equation 1.

The nuclear background (normal text) and Wolbachia strain (superscript text) are for flies collected in Riverside in 1988 (Riv88) or Irvine in 2004 (IR2). Error bars are standard errors. Different letters indicate significantly different means (at the 5% level).

Number of generations required for a favoured variant to go from an initial frequency of 0.001 to a final frequency of 0.1 (long-dashed line), 0.5 (short-dashed line), or 0.9 (solid line) as a function of the intensity of selection, s, assuming equation 1.

(A) Mean number of eggs over 5 d laid by infected (black bars) and uninfected (white bars) lines collected at Riverside in 2002 and 1988. The 2002 lines were assayed four generations after collection. A significant overall increase in fecundity was associated with the infection (F _1,108 = 6.7, p = 0.011).
(B) Mean number of eggs over 5 d laid by infected (black) and uninfected (white) lines collected at Riverside in 2002 and assayed 10 mo after collection. These flies were cultured on a yeast-restricted diet. Again, the infection produced a significant overall increase in fecundity (F _1,213 = 5.8, p = 0.017).
(C) Mean number of eggs over 10 d laid by infected (black) and uninfected (white) lines collected at Irvine in 2004 and assayed five generations after collection. Infection status had a significant effect on fecundity (F _1,185 = 8.03, p = 0.005).
Error bars are standard errors, and asterisks indicate significant differences at the 5% level.