The clades of P. humanus identified by are nearly identical to those from our data, with the exception of their basal African clade, which was not represented in our data set. One clade contains both head lice and body lice and is WW in distribution. Another clade is comprised solely of head lice from the NW (our data) and Europe (samples from ), and the most basal clade contains isolates 4, 18, and 33 from , which are head lice from Africa. The size of the triangles representing the three clades are proportional in size to the number of taxa within the clade. This phylogeny is rooted with a divergent louse, Dennyus hirundinus, which is a bird louse in the suborder Amblycera. Note the placement of the specimen of P. schaeffi, which falls outside all other primate lice and the rodent louse Fahrenholzia.