PMC

The densities of (A) O. brumata and (B) T. viridana larvae on five Q. robur trees, sampled in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, from 1951 to 1966.

Log-transformed densities of (A) O. brumata and (B) T. viridana larvae on five Q. robur trees, sampled in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, from 1951 to 1966. The time–series for O. brumata is stationary, whereas the time–series for T. viridana exhibits a declining trend.

The relationship between the budburst date of individual Q. robur trees and the densities of (A) O. brumata and (B) T. viridana larvae in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire. Data are reanalyzed from Hunter ().

The relationship between the density of O. brumata larvae at time t − 1 and pupal predation at time t. Data for pupal predation, described as k5 from k-factor analysis, are from Varley et al. ().

Mean log-transformed densities of T. viridana larvae on five Q. robur trees, sampled in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, from 1951 to 1966. The data have had the declining trend removed by transformation (see text for details) and points represent the mean of five trees.

Partial autocorrelation functions describing correlations between (A) O. brumata and (B) T. viridana larval densities at time t and densities at time t − 1, t − 2, … . t − 10. Note the dominant lag at t − 2 for O. brumata and t − 1 for T. viridana.

Regressions between the per capita rate of change of (A) O. brumata and larval density at time t − 2 and (B) T. viridana and larval density at t − 1. Because there is inherent autocorrelation in the regressions, probability estimates are presented for illustrative purposes only.