PMC

Subplot A shows the labeling state predicted using flux distribution 1 within while varying the ATP synthase flux, shown with a color gradient. Note that the total CK and total AdK fluxes were kept constant while changing the ATP synthase flux by changing the CK and AdK exchange fluxes. The AdK exchange fluxes in the cytosol and IMS were changed by the same amount, while the CK exchange flux in the IMS was maintained at zero, i.e. only the cytosolic exchange flux was adjusted to maintain a constant total CK flux. Subplot B shows the labeling state predicted using flux distribution 1 while varying the total AdK flux, shown with the same color gradient. The units in both legends are . Note that the labeling state is more sensitive to changes in lower magnitude total AdK fluxes. As the AdK flux approaches the ATP synthase rate (), the predicted labeling state becomes insensitive to changes in the AdK flux. Symbols indicate labeled species.

The total PCr oxygen labeling at 30s after a step change to 30% is found by combining the labeling of the three labeled PCr species in (flux distribution 9), using the equation for total labeling used by Dzeja et al. . In , to estimate CK flux, CK activity was inhibited and corresponding total PCr labeling was found. Assuming that the total CK flux equals , the red dots show the fraction of inhibition used in to calculate the CK flux. As demonstrated in the plot, a linear approximation of PCr labeling-CK flux relationship (blue line, least squares fit), leads to the underestimation of total CK flux. In this example, instead of (PCr labeling taken for that CK flux), the CK flux found by the pseudo-linear estimation is , close to the flux reported in . A horizontal dashed line corresponding to the labeling state at flux and a vertical green line at CK flux found by pseudo-linear approximation are provided as visual aids for clarity. The above geometry shows that the pseudo-linear method underestimates total CK flux.

Model simulations for the % total, % sequential and % ping-pong fluxes of GR. Normalized fluxes of GR with both varying NADPH and GSSG in the absence of products at optimal pH 7.5: (A) total flux, (B) sequential flux, and (C) ping-pong flux; with NADP⁺ (10 μM) as the only product inhibitor: (D) total flux, (E) sequential flux, and (F) ping-pong flux; with GSH (10 mM) as the only product inhibitor: (G) total flux, (H) sequential flux, and (I) ping-pong flux. Normalized fluxes of GR with both varying NADPH and GSSG in the absence of products and at acidic pH 6.0: (J) total flux, (K) sequential flux, and (L) ping-pong flux. Model was simulated using estimated parameters from Montero et al. []. All the total flux values were obtained by dividing with the maximum flux value in the absence of products. Ping-pong and sequential fluxes were calculated as the fraction of the total flux for the respective substrate concentrations.

Flux spectrum represents the feasible flux ranges considering only the stoichiometric and thermodynamic constraints and the measured extracellular fluxes. GIMME flux values are obtained when total reaction flux is minimized weighted by gene expression without integrating ¹³C data. For ¹³C MFA, the flux values obtained after the ¹³C MFA optimization and the range of the 95% confidence intervals for such values are shown. The p¹³CMFA flux values are obtained when total reaction flux is minimized within the ¹³C MFA solution space. Fluxes are expressed in μmol·h^-1·million-cells^-1.

Grey solid line indicates the thickness of LSW, black solid line indicates total freshwater flux and dotted line indicates salt flux of Irminger Water. Thickness and salt flux are smoothed with a 3-year running mean. Thickness is obtained from the objective analysis of EN4.0.2 data set from the UK Met Office Hadley Center. Thickness is averaged over 50° N–65° N and 38° W–65° W. Expression of salt flux in terms of freshwater flux is shown in .

The average thermal, ionization, acoustic, and kinetic fluxes plus their sum, the total energy flux, as a function of depth. The thermal plus ionization energy fluxes together are the internal energy flux (not plotted), and this plus the acoustic flux constitutes the enthalpy or convective flux. The enthalpy flux plus the kinetic energy flux is the total energy flux transported by fluid motions. (The viscous flux is very small.) Energy is transported upward through the convection zone near the surface mostly as ionization energy (∼ 2/3) and thermal energy (∼ 1/3). The kinetic energy flux is downwards and is 10–15% of the total flux near the surface. At larger depths (outside of this plot) both the upward enthalpy flux and the downward kinetic energy flux increase, with the kinetic energy flux reaching about the net solar flux and the enthalpy flux reaching about twice the net solar flux.

The composite time series of convective mass flux , total mass flux , radiatively forced mass flux , and residual mass flux at (a) 400 hPa, (b) 300 hPa, and (c) 200 hPa. The complete vertical structure of (d) total mass flux and (e) residual mass flux . The mass flux unit is 10⁻² kg m⁻² s⁻¹.

Fluxes of FOC, fly ash, and sediment in the CJ basin. (A) f_FOC-ash (fraction of fly ash-sourced fossil OC in the total flux of fossil OC exported by CJ) as a function of f_sed-ash (mass fraction of fly ash in the total sediment flux) (curves with uncertainty bands determined from Monte Carlo simulations; SI Appendix), with the mixing trend between FOC_ash and FOC_CJ0 (FOC in ash-free sediment), fly-ash release (dashed line, difference between produced and utilized fly ash), and estimates of f_sed-ash (red line from changes in MS of the CJ sediment, and black line and gray range from mass balance calculations). (B) Different types of carbon flux in the CJ basin where “1” and “2” denote riverine FOC_ash flux estimated from mass balance calculations and from changes in MS of CJ sediment, respectively. The released FOC_ash flux is estimated from this study as the product of the released fly ash flux and the FOC_ash content. The 2007 to 2008 riverine FOC flux is estimated in ref. , and the silicate weathering flux (2006) is from ref. . The riverine FOC_rock flux (2007 to 2008) and the riverine FOC flux (1950s) are quantified from this study. (C) Changes of riverine FOC_rock flux versus released (produced − utilized) FOC_ash flux in 1950 to 2010. (D) Sediment flux and fly-ash flux in the CJ basin in 1950 to 1970 (predamming) and 2004 to 2010 (postdamming).

Panels (A, E and F) plot data from Cha and Parks [] and the quasi-steady reverse flux at the indicated concentration conditions. Panels (B, C and D) plot data from Cha and Parks [] on the quasi-steady forward flux assayed under the indicated concentration conditions. Panel (A) shows data on the reverse reaction flux as a function of total GTP concentration and four different succinate concentrations, with CoA concentration held fixed at 0.1 mM. Panel (B) shows data on the forward reaction flux as a function of total GDP concentration and three different inhibitor GTP concentrations, with phosphate concentration held fixed at 50 mM and succinyl-CoA concentration held fixed at 0.1 mM. Panel (C) shows data on the forward reaction flux as a function of total succinyl-CoA concentration and three different inhibitor CoA concentrations, with phosphate concentration held fixed at 1.0 mM and GDP concentration held fixed at 0.05 mM. Panel (D) shows data on the forward reaction flux as a function of total succinyl-CoA concentration and three different inhibitor succinate concentrations, with phosphate concentration held fixed at 1.0 mM and GDP concentration held fixed at 0.05 mM. Panel (E) shows data on the reverse reaction flux as a function of total CoA concentration and three different inhibitor phosphate concentrations, with succinate concentration held fixed at 50 mM and GTP concentration held fixed at 0.1 mM. Both panels (F) and (G) show data on the reverse reaction flux as a function of total succinate concentration and different inhibitor phosphate concentrations, with CoA and GTP concentrations held fixed at 0.1 mM. Panel (F) shows relatively low concentrations of succinate and phosphate, while panel (G) shows a greater range of concentrations. Panel (H) shows data on the forward reaction flux as a function of total phosphate concentration and three different inhibitor succinate concentrations, with succinyl-CoA and GDP concentrations held fixed at 0.1 mM.

Different flux distributions (see ) were used to analyze the sensitivity of the labeling state to total CK flux variation. Both subplots indicate that the labeling state of all species is insensitive to the total CK flux above (vertical black line). This insensitive range includes values found in and in where total CK flux was found to be around . Analogous plots at 10s provided in show that it may be possible to gain information about the total CK flux in experiments shorter than 10s using 100% , although it would be technically challenging to perform such an experiment. Line colors indicate the flux distribution, while the symbols indicate the number of atoms.

Model simulations of GR kinetics for in vivo-like conditions. The GSH and NADPH pools are set to 10 mM and 0.1 mM, respectively. The % GSSG is calculated as the ratio of its concentration to the total GSH pool concentration (G_tot), which is defined as G_tot = GSH + 2×GSSG. Percentage fluxes of GR with both varying NADPH and GSSG at optimal pH 7.5: (A) total flux, (B) sequential flux, and (C) ping-pong flux. At acidic pH 6.0: (D) total flux, (E) sequential flux, and (F) ping-pong flux. The model was simulated using estimated parameters from Montero et al. []. All the total flux values were obtained by dividing with the maximum flux value in the absence of products. Ping-pong and sequential fluxes were calculated as the fraction of the total flux for the respective substrate concentrations.

Altered intermediate fluxes by inhibiting GPa in liver of ZDF in the presence of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Described fluxes are the minimal estimations. Black arrows, net hepatic glucose flux; red arrows, flux of taken up glucose; and blue arrows, PEP flux. A: ZCL. When plasma glucose and insulin levels were raised to that in ZDF, total flux toward G-6-P pool consists of two major fractions, plasma glucose (78%) and PEP (20%). Of the G-6-P derived from plasma glucose, 26% of G-6-P is stored as glycogen and the rest (74%) recycle back to glucose. Of the G-6-P derived from PEP, 26% is stored as glycogen and the rest (74%) is released as glucose. GK flux (glucose to G-6-P) was higher than G-6-Pase flux, leading to net hepatic glucose uptake. B: ZDF-V. Compared with ZCL, total flux toward the G-6-P pool, consisting of lower fractions of plasma glucose (50%) and higher fractions of PEP (47%), was significantly lower. Total efflux from G-6-P pool flowed primarily toward glucose (90%) and glycogen (10%). Of the G-6-P derived from plasma glucose, only 10% was stored as glycogen and the rest (90%) was recycled to glucose. Of the G-6-P derived from PEP, 10% was stored as glycogen and the rest (90%) was released as glucose. The flux from plasma glucose to G-6-P was ∼30%, and the flux from PEP to G-6-P was double of that in ZCL, whereas G-6-Pase flux was similar. GK flux was lower than G-6-Pase flux contrary to ZCL, leading to net hepatic glucose production. C: ZDF-GPI+G. Compared with ZDF-V, total flux toward the G-6-P pool was similar with similar fraction of plasma glucose and PEP. On the other hand, the efflux from G-6-P pool flowed toward glycogen was five times higher and in contrast, the efflux from G-6-P toward plasma glucose was about half. GK flux balanced with G-6-Pase flux, leading to decreased net hepatic glucose production.

Flux distributions 1, 2, 4, and 7 have constant total and net AdK flux as well as total CK flux over the range of the plot. Flux distributions 3 and 5 have unidirectional CK flux, and thus the total CK flux varies over the range of the plot. The sensitivity displayed by these two flux distributions results from the change in total CK flux and not CK export ratio. Looking at the other four flux distributions, subplot (A) shows that the export of energy via direct ATP export or the CK shuttle has a minor influence on the labeling state. Subplot (B) shows that the change in export ratio provides a small change in labeling state but cannot be considered a sensitive parameter. Line colors indicate the flux distribution, while the symbols indicate the number of atoms.

Relationships between diversity indices of nematodes and total nematode energy flux. (a) Shannon’s diversity index of nematodes and total nematode energy flux. (b) Nematode evenness and total nematode energy flux. (c) Nematode richness and total nematode energy flux. (d). Nematode dominance and total nematode energy flux.

Different flux distributions (see ) were used to analyze the sensitivity of the labeling state to total AdK flux variation. All subplots indicate that the labeling state of is the most sensitive indicator of total AdK flux. The vertical black line indicates the total AdK flux found in for normoxic rat hearts. Comparing the slopes of the curves in (A) and (B), we see that labeling with 100% enhances the sensitivity of the dynamic labeling method. Line colors indicate the flux distribution, while the symbols indicate the number of atoms.

(a) Fluxes of apoB48 in CM, VLDL ₁ and VLDL ₂ and fluxes of apoB100 in VLDL ₁ and VLDL ₂; (b) Concentrations of apoB48 in CM, VLDL ₁ and VLDL ₂ and concentration of apoB100 in VLDL ₁ and VLDL ₂; (c) ApoB48‐TG flux in CM, VLDL ₁ and VLDL ₂ and apoB100‐TG flux in VLDL ₁ and VLDL ₂; (d) ApoB48‐TG concentration in CM, VLDL ₁ and VLDL ₂. Solid lines indicate model predictions and coloured circles indicate experimental data. Modelling of the previous day is indicated with grey background. The concentration and flux (in terms of mass) of apoB100 is higher than that of apoB48 in the VLDL _1/2 fractions. Total apoB48 flux into the CM fraction is higher than the basal apoB48 flux, and postprandial apoB48 flux also constitutes a significant portion of the total postprandial apoB48 flux. The total triglyceride flux into the CM fraction is the biggest source of triglyceride flux. However, VLDL ₁‐TG concentration is higher than CM‐TG concentration because of the high CM‐TG FCR.

Relationships of rain-induced changes in soil CO₂ fluxes among different CO₂ sources. R _total, R _bare, R _litter, and R _DOC, represent total soil CO₂ flux, bare soil CO₂ flux, litter CO₂ flux, and litter DOC-contributed CO₂ flux, respectively.

Establishing electron flux and cumulative electron flux thresholds for KLDL and cycKLDL. Compilation of a KLDL and b cycKLDL MALDI-IMS spectra acquired in window regions of LCTEM chips after imaging under: Condition 1 (no flux); 2 (low flux, pulsed, 30 min total); 3 (high flux, pulsed, 30 min total); 4 (low flux, 10 min continuous); 5 (low flux, 30 min continuous); 6 (low flux, 60 min continuous); 7 (high flux, 10 min continuous); and 8 (high flux, 30 min continuous). c Damage plot for peptides, comparing average electron flux and cumulative electron flux, with side-by-side square boxes indicating KLDL (black boxes) or cycKLDL (white boxes). Red X indicates that the MALDI signal for intact peptide was absent within the window region of the liquid cell as determined by MALDI-IMS. Source data are provided as a Source Data file

The flux of POC is shown in mg C m⁻² d⁻¹. The panels depict the POC flux for the five drifting traps (DF 1 to 5) deployed at 200 and 300 m, respectively for 24 h each. The total POC flux is depicted in grey, and the respective flux of faecal pellets (FP) is shown in pink for krill FP, in dark blue for salp FP consisting of phytoplankton, and in light blue for salp FP consisting of ingested krill FP.

Under acidogenic (pH 6.3) (a) and solventogenic (pH 4.4) (b) conditions. All values (mmol/gDCW/h) are normalized to the flux of glucose consumption. Data were extracted from ref. . The black arrow represents the total flux of Fd_red oxidation, the red arrow the hydrogenase flux, the blue arrow the Ferredoxin-NAD⁺ flux, and the green arrow the ferredoxin-NADP⁺ flux.