Physical activity change across retirement by device measured work-related and commuting activity

Abstract Background Work-related and commuting physical activity before retirement may contribute to changes in physical activity and sedentary time after retirement, and the aim of this study was to examine these associations. Methods Study population consisted of participants of the Finnish Retirement and Aging study (n = 119). Activity behaviour was measured with GPS and accelerometer devices. The participants provided 637 measurement days before and 557 days after retirement. Work-related physical activity was defined as physical activity accumulated at workplace. Commuting activity was dichotomised based on the speed of trips between home and workplace to active (<20 km/h) and passive (≥20 km/h) commute. Participants were divided into four groups: non-active workers and commuters, non-active workers but active commuters, active workers but non-active commuters, and active workers and commuters. Linear regression analysis with generalized estimating equations were used for statistical analysis. Results The change in physical activity during retirement transition markedly varied by the activity group. Lower work-related activity was associated with an increase in light physical activity and a decrease in sedentary time. Conversely, higher work-related activity was associated with a decrease in light physical activity and an increase in sedentary time, except among those active workers who were active commuters. Particularly the active workers but non-active commuters increased their sedentary time (48 min, 95% Cl 20 to 76) and decreased their light physical activity (54 min, 95% Cl -80 to -29). No statistically significant changes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were observed. Conclusions Our results suggest that work-related physical activity is associated with changes in physical activity behavior when retiring. Special attention should be targeted to active workers who are non-active commuters to maintain physical activity and decrease sedentary time after retirement. Key messages Lower work-related physical activity before retirement was associated with an increase in light physical activity and a decrease in sedentary time after retirement. Active workers but non-active commuters showed an increase in sedentary time and a decline in light physical activity after retirement, and might be a suitable group for physical activity promotion.


Background:
In public discourse, universities are rarely understood as places of institutionalized discrimination, but rather as places of enlightenment and intercultural cosmopolitanism (Nghi Ha 2016). Existing studies focus on students' perspectives on institutionalized discrimination. In this context, the critical self-reflection on racism is particularly relevant for people who are in positions of power, as their attitudes and actions have a direct impact on many other people, such as in the case of professors on students, academic and non-academic staff. The study reconstructs to what extent conscious or unconscious attitudes in terms of critical whiteness manifest themselves in the attitudes and, in the actions of professors in health sciences and co-constitute the realities of staff and students.

Methods:
Based on the critical whiteness concept according to Dietze (2009) a reconstructive, qualitative-empirical analysis (Bohnsack 2000) of eight episodic interviews (Flick 2011) with public health professors in Germany was conducted. Attitudes of professors are examined with regard to the critical reflection of their own power position in dealing with employees and students.

Results:
Interviewees have heterogeneous reflective skills and few structurally anchored opportunities for racism-critical selfreflection in their professional environment. The spaces are demanded by students or staff or initiated by themselves, expecting resistance from colleagues. Unconscious racism is sometimes present even with a high degree of reflexivity.

Conclusions:
Criticism of racism must be systematically addressed in schools of public health in order to create spaces for reflection where staff can reflect on and identify their racisms and develop collective action for racism-sensitive teaching and workplace. Key messages: Universities need to address and work on structural racism in their institution. Structures must be the responsibility of the management level and developed participatively with staff and students. Spaces of reflection for university staff must be created to enable a continuous confrontation with own (often unconscious) racist actions to develop a racism-sensitive place for work/study. participants provided 637 measurement days before and 557 days after retirement. Work-related physical activity was defined as physical activity accumulated at workplace. Commuting activity was dichotomised based on the speed of trips between home and workplace to active (<20 km/h) and passive (20 km/h) commute. Participants were divided into four groups: non-active workers and commuters, non-active workers but active commuters, active workers but non-active commuters, and active workers and commuters. Linear regression analysis with generalized estimating equations were used for statistical analysis.

Results:
The change in physical activity during retirement transition markedly varied by the activity group. Lower work-related activity was associated with an increase in light physical activity and a decrease in sedentary time. Conversely, higher work-related activity was associated with a decrease in light physical activity and an increase in sedentary time, except among those active workers who were active commuters. Particularly the active workers but non-active commuters increased their sedentary time (48 min, 95% Cl 20 to 76) and decreased their light physical activity (54 min, 95% Cl -80 to -29). No statistically significant changes in moderate-tovigorous physical activity were observed.

Conclusions:
Our results suggest that work-related physical activity is associated with changes in physical activity behavior when retiring. Special attention should be targeted to active workers who are non-active commuters to maintain physical activity and decrease sedentary time after retirement.
Identifying predictors of e-cigarette use initiation is important for preventing young persons from becoming smokers. Because of the addictiveness, harmful effects but on the other hand attractiveness and fashion for e-cigarettes among young people, teen use of tobacco related products is a significant public health concern. This study evaluated the determinants of susceptibility to e-cigarette use to both ecigarettes use and traditional cigarettes in secondary school students in Poland. This study examined a sample of Polish youths aged 13-19 (n = 19241) attending 192 schools, 12 on average in each voivodship. Logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate crude and adjusted odds ratios. The profile of susceptibility to ecigarettes use among never e-cigarette users included: pocket money available per month (more than 150 PLN) (OR = 1.7; p = 0.001), 16-17 years old (OR = 1.9; p = 0.001), parental tobacco smoking and e-cigarette usage (OR = 2.0; p = 0.01 and OR = 1.7; p = 0.001 respectively), maternal secondary education (OR = 1.1; p = 0.04) and living in big cities >500 thou. inhabitants (OR = 1.4; p = 0.04). E-cigarette susceptible persons among ever users were similar to never cigarette users in their opinion that e-cigarettes use are less harmful than conventional smoking (OR = 1.6; p = 0.0012) and living with both parents smoking cigarettes (OR = 1.3; p = 0.02). Additionally, the determinants were: female gender (OR = 1.5; p = 0.009) in the age group less than 15 years of age (OR = 1.3; p = 0.007). The results revealed that such basic predictors as: parental smoking and opinion of lower harmfulness of e-cigarettes use are the most important determinants of smoking susceptibility among never or ever e-cigarette users. The intervention should be focused on educating the young people and their parents on the addictiveness and harmful effects of e-cigarette use and smoking.
Key messages: Such basic predictors as: parental smoking and opinion of lower harmfulness of e-cigarettes use are the most important determinants of smoking susceptibility among never or ever e-cigarette users.
The intervention should be focused on educating the young people and their parents on the addictiveness and harmful effects of e-cigarette use and smoking.