COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis and Anbarnesa: Concerning about Important Source of Spores

Dear Editor-in-Chief

Simultaneously with the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), several cases of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) were reported. The possible explanation for these rare infections in post COVID-19 period can be attributed to the several factors including newer variants (Delta variant) of virus, acute hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, immune dysregulation following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) infection, iron metabolism disturbance and etc. (1).

Currently, India is one of most prevalent foci of CAM. In addition, CAM was reported in several other countries including USA, Pakistan, Syria, Brazil and Iran (2). Previously, mucormycosis was considered as a rare opportunistic infection in Iran. During a period of 25-year in Iran, less than 100 cases was reported. In the fifth wave of COVID-19 during the summer and fall of 2021, CAM has seen a surge in Iran (3).

In one hand, some of CAM cases occurred in healthy individuals without confirmed classic risk factors of mucormycosis, and in the other hand most of reports are from limited countries. Therefore, it seems that in addition to multifactorial etiology for pathogenesis of CAM, environmental and ecological factors have played a major role.

Based on Iranian traditional medicine, “Anbarnesa” (female donkey dung) in either form of fresh or smoke has been used for treatment of various medical conditions including wide range of infectious diseases. Currently there are limited and ambiguous data about efficacy, safety and mechanism of action of Anbarnesa on claimed medical conditions. Moreover, there are some evidences about toxicity of Anbarnesa especially in the form of smoke (4). In recent year’s use of the smoke of Anbarnesa, widely suggested in Iran by traditional healers or non-medical practioner for treatment of various conditions (5, 6).

Currently use of Anbarnesa for COVID-19 patients with claim of antimicrobial effect is a pivotal concern in Iran. To date, there is no clinical and experimental scientific data for benefit of Anbarnesa in any form of application to improve the outcome of COVID-19.

With this hypothesis that Anbarnesa smoke can be as an environmental important factor in Iranian patients for susceptibility to mucormycosis in post COVID-19 period, we evaluated a sample of Anbarnesa that was used as a form of smoke in one of confirmed case of CAM in Isfahan, Iran in 2021.

A suspension of each Anbarnesa was made in sterile saline solution 1:10 (w/v) containing chloramphenicol (0.3 mg/ml) and mixed for 5 min and allowed to settle down for 20 min (Fig. 1a). Five microliters of the supernatant was added to sabouraud glucose agar (Difco, Detroit, MI), and incubated at 30 °C for 5 days (7). Fuzzy colonies were examined microscopically using 10% KOH, and photographed (Fig. 1b). Microscopic feature of the Mucorales after 5 days at 30 °C showing sporangium, sporangiophore, and sporangiospores. In addition to the experimental data, our clinical experiences showed that many patients with CAM were used Anbarnesa in course of SARS-COV2 infection.

Open in a separate window

Fig. 1:

Experimental evaluation of a sample of Anbarnesa that was used in one of confirmed case of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis. a) Making a suspension of Anbarnesa in sterile saline solution 1:10 (w/v). b) Fuzzy colonies of zygomycetes on sabouraud glucose agar after 5 days at 30 °C. c) Microscopic feature of the Mucorales after 5 days at 30 °C showing sporangium (Black arrows), sporangiophore (blue arrows), and sporangiospores (white arrows)

As a conclusion and based on our results, Anbarnesa contains spores of the Mucorales and it can be as an important source of spore inhalation. It is therefore important to be aware of its risks. Although our present knowledge about use of Anbarnesa and CAM is inadequate, due to the medical serious conditions related to CAM, in the interest of consumers’ safety, it is recommended to refuse of Anbarnesa in COVID-19 patients. The experimental and stimulatory laboratory study of this area should be encouraged.

Acknowledgements

Footnotes

References