Table A1
Administered 50-Item Collective Efficacy Tool.
| Hypothesised Domain | Hypothesised Factors | Item Name | Survey Item (i.e., Prompt) | Description of Hypothesised Facets |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Informal social control | Social disorder | HARMONY | People in this community live in harmony with each other most of the time. | Sense of harmony within the collective/community |
| CHEATS | In this community, you have to be careful, otherwise your neighbours may cheat you. | Perceived presence of deceitful individuals | ||
| CRIMECON | In this community, conflicts like stealing and fighting often occur. | Perceived presence of incivility, delinquent behaviour | ||
| SAFEATHO * | When I am at home alone, I feel safe from threats of crime. | Feeling of safety while at home, in the community | ||
| Social response | SIMBLIEF | Most people in this community have similar beliefs about what is right and what is wrong. | Collective morals | |
| INTERCRI | If the people of this community see crime-like activities, they will do something about it. | Willingness to intervene | ||
| SLVDISPU | If there is a big dispute between two persons, other people from the community will help in solving the problem. | Community’s propensity to address sub-community-level issues, engage in conflict-resolution | ||
| HLPCRPDZ | If there is a problem that affects the entire community, for instance, crop disease, people in this community will help each other. | Community’s propensity to address community-wide issues, engage in conflict-resolution | ||
| SUPMOURN | If someone in this community had a death in their family, the community will come together to support them while they mourn. | Social support & comforting | ||
| COMPRSLV | When there is a problem in this community, people come together to discuss how it should be solved. | Group problem-solving, conflict-resolution | ||
| CONTRDEV | The people of this community will contribute their own money or labour for community development. | Common moral principles & codes of behaviour | ||
| DIFPROBS | Differences between people, such as the amount of land they own, often causes problems in this community. | Tolerance | ||
| HAPPYNEI * | I feel happy for my neighbour if they have a good harvest. | Vicarious affective feelings—happiness | ||
| Social cohesion | Social capital | COMTRUST | People in this community can be trusted. | Perceived trust in collective/community members |
| ADVICE * | I typically accept advice from others in this community. | Willingness to receive, access to guidance from endogenous entities/individuals | ||
| SHAREKNO | People in the community share new knowledge with their neighbour if they learn something new. | Information sharing, diffusion of knowledge within the collective | ||
| CLOSE | This is a close-knit community (i.e., people in this community have close personal relationships with each other). | Strength of social bonds within collective/community | ||
| OWNWELF | In this community, people prioritise their own family’s welfare over community development. | Commitment to collective development, goal attainment | ||
| LOSTCOW | If someone in this community loses a cow or goat, a neighbour will help look for it. | Perceived responsiveness of social networks, expectations that help will be given to/received by others when in need, individuals cooperating to support one another for either one-sided or mutual gain § | ||
| BORMONEY | If you suddenly need some money, you can borrow from a person or group in your community. | |||
| NEICAREG | If you & your relatives suddenly had to go away for a day or two, you could count on your neighbours to take care of your children. | |||
| HAVEFRND * | In this community, I have friends with whom I can share my problems. | Availability of support networks for individual-level problem-solving | ||
| COME4HLP * | My neighbours sometimes come to me to share their problems and get help. | Reciprocity of individual-level problem-solving | ||
| UNOFLDRS | There are people in this community who show strong leadership. | Perceived presence of individuals demonstrating attributes of leadership | ||
| COMACTCG † | The community-based associations, such as the Edir, in this community is very active. | Activity level of endogenous community structures | ||
| ACTLDR1 † | The leaders of community-based associations, like Edir leaders, respond to this community’s concerns. | Responsiveness, strength of the leaders of endogenous community structures to community concerns | ||
| ACTLDR2 ‡ | Formal administrative leaders, like the kebele manager, provide support to this community. | Supportiveness of the leaders of exogenous community structures | ||
| TRUSTLDR | This community’s leaders can be trusted. | Perceived social trust in community leaders | ||
| CHOCGLDR † | People in this community get to choose the leaders of their own community-based associations, such as the Edir leaders. | Civic engagement in endogenous community structures, community-selected representation | ||
| COPARTCG †,‡ | Most people in this community participate in community associations. | Community engagement in endogenous and exogenous community structures | ||
| ACTCBGP *,† | I attend meetings of a community-based association, such as the Edir. | Personal associational membership/participation, endogenous community structures | ||
| PARTCBGP *,† | I participate in activities held by any community-based associations, such as the Edir. | Personal involvement/participation in activities organised by endogenous community structures | ||
| ACTEXOGP *,‡ | I attend the meetings of any government or NGO-initiated community development group, such as the Development Army. | Personal associational membership/participation, exogenous community structures | ||
| PAREXOGP *,‡ | I participate in activities held by any government or NGO-initiated community development group, such as the Development Army. | Personal involvement/participation in activities organised by exogenous community structures | ||
| Social equity | COMMGDEC | When community groups make decisions, they are pleasing and good for most of the households in this community. | Social equity prioritised during community decision-making processes | |
| BRIBELDR | Sometimes people need to bribe community leaders in order to get things done. | Corruption among community leaders | ||
| DISTCRIS | During a crisis situation, such as drought, government services are distributed equally by the community to all households in need. | Equal distribution of exogenous resources during crises | ||
| RESTRSER | Some households in this community are restricted from community services, such as bed net distribution. | Social injustice, restrictions to resources | ||
| Common values | COMMVALU | Most people in this community have common values, for example, they value hard work. | Shared values, ethics | |
| SIMHOPES | Most people in this community have similar hopes about the future development of the community. | Common hopes for community goal attainment, performance | ||
| COMMGMT | People in this community share the same ideas on how village matters should be managed. | Collective ideals, common civic culture | ||
| Community attachment | ACCEPT | People in this community accept me as a member of the community. | Social acceptance within the collective/community | |
| ATTACH * | I feel attached to this community and its people. | Place attachment | ||
| PROUD * | I feel proud to be part of this community. | Pride in being a member of the collective/community | ||
| IDENTITY * | Being a member of this community is part of who I am. | Place identity, sense of belonging | ||
| Behavioural control | Agency | SELFEFF * | I have the capacity to achieve my future aims. | Perceived individual-level behavioural control over personal goal attainment |
| SEDEV * | I have the ability to contribute to this community’s development. | Perceived individual-level behavioural control over contribution to collective/group goal attainment | ||
| COLLEFF | People in this community have the capacity to make positive changes by coming together. | Perceived community-level behavioural control; capacity and autonomy control beliefs | ||
| EXOASSIS | This community needs assistance from others outside the community in order to make positive changes. | Perceived reliance on exogenous support to facilitate goal attainment | ||
| SHOULDEV | People in this community should work together to develop the community. | Normative expectations regarding collective action |
Notes: Indicated sub-constructs reflect those conceptualised via our hypothesised collective efficacy framework. Items presented in italicised font were hypothesised to have an inverse relationship with CE. Given the various conceptualisations of these latent constructs, substantive justification existed for the re-conceptualisation articulated in our EFA-derived factor structures. * self-referent item prompts about the respondent’s own sense of self, agency, autonomy, and level of engagement within his/her community; all other items reflect group-referent items prompts about ecological aspects of the respondent’s community; † items that refer to endogenous community structures (e.g., community-initiated/organised community associations)—local endogenous structures used as examples, but should be adapted to the given local context; ‡ items that refer to exogenous community structures (e.g., government or NGO-initiated/organised community associations)—local exogenous structures used as examples, but should be adapted to the given context; § measured through different scenarios reflecting different levels of urgency/need.