Logo of pnasPNASInfo for AuthorsSubscriptionsAboutThis Article
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15; 89(22): 11098–11101.
PMCID: PMC50491
PMID: 1438320

Saving the "library of life".

Abstract

A broad program of freezing species in threatened ecospheres could preserve biodiversity for eventual use by future generations. Sampling without studying can lower costs dramatically. Local labor can do most of the gathering. Plausible costs of collecting and cryogenically suspending the tropical rain forest species, at a sampling fraction of 10(-6), are about 2 billion dollars for a full century. Much more information than species DNA will be saved, allowing future biotechnology to derive high information content and perhaps even resurrect then-extinct species. Parallel programs of in situ and other ex situ preservation are essential to allow later expression of frozen genomes in members of the same genus. This is a broad proposal that should be debated throughout the entire scientific community.

Full text

Full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Get a printable copy (PDF file) of the complete article (955K), or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Links to PubMed are also available for Selected References.

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
  • Wilson DJ. Patient evaluation and treatment planning for dental implants. Ann R Australas Coll Dent Surg. 1989 Oct;10:108–114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Ehrlich PR, Wilson E. Biodiversity studies: science and policy. Science. 1991 Aug 16;253(5021):758–762. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Soulé ME. Conservation: tactics for a constant crisis. Science. 1991 Aug 16;253(5021):744–750. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Mazur P. Freezing of living cells: mechanisms and implications. Am J Physiol. 1984 Sep;247(3 Pt 1):C125–C142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Fagg GE, Mena EE, Monaghan DT, Cotman CW. Freezing eliminates a specific population of L-glutamate receptors in synaptic membranes. Neurosci Lett. 1983 Jul 29;38(2):157–162. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Lyons JM. Phase transitions and control of cellular metabolism at low temperatures. Cryobiology. 1972 Oct;9(5):341–350. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Steponkus PL, Lynch DV. Freeze/thaw-induced destabilization of the plasma membrane and the effects of cold acclimation. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 1989 Feb;21(1):21–41. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Jacobsen IA, Pegg DE, Starklint H, Hunt CJ, Barfort P, Diaper MP. Introduction and removal of cryoprotective agents with rabbit kidneys: assessment by transplantation. Cryobiology. 1988 Aug;25(4):285–299. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Fahy GM. Analysis of "solution effects" injury: cooling rate dependence of the functional and morphological sequellae of freezing in rabbit renal cortex protected with dimethyl sulfoxide. Cryobiology. 1981 Dec;18(6):550–570. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Fahy GM, Saur J, Williams RJ. Physical problems with the vitrification of large biological systems. Cryobiology. 1990 Oct;27(5):492–510. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Mullis KB, Faloona FA. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods Enzymol. 1987;155:335–350. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Higuchi R, Bowman B, Freiberger M, Ryder OA, Wilson AC. DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family. Nature. 1984 Nov 15;312(5991):282–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Päbo S. Molecular cloning of Ancient Egyptian mummy DNA. Nature. 1985 Apr 18;314(6012):644–645. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Hagelberg E, Sykes B, Hedges R. Ancient bone DNA amplified. Nature. 1989 Nov 30;342(6249):485–485. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Golenberg EM, Giannasi DE, Clegg MT, Smiley CJ, Durbin M, Henderson D, Zurawski G. Chloroplast DNA sequence from a miocene Magnolia species. Nature. 1990 Apr 12;344(6267):656–658. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Sykes B. Ancient DNA. The past comes alive. Nature. 1991 Aug 1;352(6334):381–382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Cavalli-Sforza LL, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Bucci C, Bowcock AM, Hewlett BS, Freidlaender JS. DNA markers and genetic variation in the human species. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1986;51(Pt 1):411–417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Diamond JM. Population genetics. A way to world knowledge. Nature. 1991 Aug 15;352(6336):567–567. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Glenister PH, Whittingham DG, Wood MJ. Genome cryopreservation: a valuable contribution to mammalian genetic research. Genet Res. 1990 Oct-Dec;56(2-3):253–258. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Morowitz HJ. Balancing species preservation and economic considerations. Science. 1991 Aug 16;253(5021):752–754. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences