Fig. 2

Natural inflammation resolution response. Acute inflammation is a self-limiting response. In conditions of homeostasis, resident cells maintain normal conditions and remove apoptotic cells and debris. Upon challenge to tissue, the inflammatory response begins. Cell communication mediators activate chemoattraction, vascular permeability and infiltration of leukocytes to the periphery. Microorganisms and dead cells are taken up by phagocytes. The outcome of acute inflammation (chronicity, fibrosis or resolution) is influenced by the type of factors and the degree to which they are involved in the response. Resolution is the re-establishment of normal (homeostasis) and is an actively regulated, well-coordinated process. In resolution, inhibition of leukocyte infiltration, nonphlogistic phagocytosis and vascular and tissue function return to normal. CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CXCL8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8; IL, interleukin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.