Figure 1

Differential cytotoxic effects between formulations of herbicides and their active principles (APs) on HepG2, HEK293, and JEG3 human cell lines. Effects on the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SD) activity, reflecting cell respiration inhibition, were measured in percentage of control in serum-free medium after 24 h of exposure. The concentrations in ppm are dilutions of each AP (dotted line) and their equivalent in formulation with adjuvants (solid line). All formulations are more toxic than their APs, except for isoproturon. SEMs are shown in all instances (n = 9).