FIGURE 1.
Mammalian 1-carbon metabolism. Reactions 1–4 are in both the cytoplasmic and the mitochondrial (m) compartments. Reactions 1, 2, and 3, 10-formyl-THF synthetase, 5,10-methenyl-THF cyclohydrolase, and 5,10-methylene-THF dehydrogenase, respectively, are catalyzed by trifunctional C1-THF synthase in the cytoplasm (MTHFD1). In mammalian mitochondria, reaction 1m is catalyzed by monofunctional MTHFD1L, and reactions 2m and 3m are catalyzed by bifunctional MTHFD2 or MTHFD2L. The other reactions are catalyzed by the following: 4 and 4m, serine hydroxymethyltransferase; 5, glycine cleavage system; 6, 5,10-methylene-THF reductase; 7, methionine synthase; 8, dimethylglycine dehydrogenase; 9, sarcosine dehydrogenase; 10, thymidylate synthase; 11, 10-formyl-THF dehydrogenase (only the mitochondrial activity of this enzyme is shown, but it has been reported in both compartments in mammals). All reactions from choline to sarcosine are mitochondrial except the betaine-to-dimethylglycine conversion, which is cytoplasmic. Hcy, homocysteine; AdoHcy, S-adenosylhomocysteine; AdoMet, S-adenosylmethionine.










