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The Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis Al Hakam▿
Jean F. Challacombe
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Michael R. Altherr
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Gary Xie
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Smriti S. Bhotika
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Nancy Brown
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
David Bruce
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Connie S. Campbell
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Mary L. Campbell
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Jin Chen
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Olga Chertkov
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Cathy Cleland
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Mira Dimitrijevic
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Norman A. Doggett
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
John J. Fawcett
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Tijana Glavina
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Lynne A. Goodwin
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Lance D. Green
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Cliff S. Han
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Karen K. Hill
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Penny Hitchcock
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Paul J. Jackson
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Paul Keim
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Avinash Ramesh Kewalramani
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Jon Longmire
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Susan Lucas
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Stephanie Malfatti
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Diego Martinez
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Kim McMurry
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Linda J. Meincke
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Monica Misra
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Bernice L. Moseman
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Mark Mundt
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
A. Christine Munk
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Richard T. Okinaka
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
B. Parson-Quintana
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Lee Philip Reilly
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Paul Richardson
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Donna L. Robinson
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Elizabeth Saunders
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Roxanne Tapia
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Judith G. Tesmer
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Nina Thayer
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Linda S. Thompson
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Hope Tice
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Lawrence O. Ticknor
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Patti L. Wills
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Paul Gilna
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Thomas S. Brettin
DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, W Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is an insect pathogen that is widely used as a biopesticide (E. Schnepf, N. Crickmore, J. Van Rie, D. Lereclus, J. Baum, J. Feitelson, D. R. Zeigler, and D. H. Dean, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:775-806, 1998). Here we report the finished, annotated genome sequence of B. thuringiensis Al Hakam, which was collected in Iraq by the United Nations Special Commission (L. Radnedge, P. Agron, K. Hill, P. Jackson, L. Ticknor, P. Keim, and G. Andersen, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2755-2764, 2003).
The Bacillus thuringiensis Al Hakam genome was sequenced at the Joint Genome Institute using plasmid and fosmid DNA libraries. Draft assemblies were based on 246,217 total reads. All libraries provided 23-fold coverage of the genome. The Phred/Phrap/Consed software package was used for sequence assembly and quality assessment. After shotgun sequencing, reads were assembled with parallel phrap (High Performance Software, LLC). Possible misassemblies were corrected by transposon bombing (Epicenter Biotechnologies) of bridging clones. Gaps between contigs were closed by editing in Consed, by custom primer walks, or by PCR amplification. The complete genome of B. thuringiensis Al Hakam achieves an average of 24-fold sequence coverage per base with an error rate of less than 1 in 100,000. The sequences comprising the B. thuringiensis Al Hakam genome can be accessed using the GenBank accession numbers {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP000485","term_id":"118415003","term_text":"CP000485"}}CP000485 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP000486","term_id":"118419740","term_text":"CP000486"}}CP000486.
Gene predictions were obtained and annotation was performed as described previously (1). The 5.31-Mb genome of B. thuringiensis Al Hakam contains two replicons: a circular chromosome (5.26 Mb) encoding a predicted 4,969 open reading frames (ORFs), and the pALH1 circular phage, which contains 62 predicted ORFs. The G+C content of the chromosome is 35%, while that of the phage is 36%. The B. thuringiensis Al Hakam genome encodes 105 tRNAs and 13 rRNA operons and contains at least 21 pseudogenes. There were no additional plasmids identified in the assembly Blast searches against the B. thuringiensis Al Hakam genome using known insecticidal genes (cry, cyt, and vip) as queries revealed no chromosome-encoded (or phage-encoded) ORFs with significant similarity. Therefore, we conclude that this genome contains no homologues of the known cry, cyt, or vip genes. However, if they were present originally, it is possible that the plasmid(s) encoding these genes was lost during culture.
Previous AFLP analyses have shown that B. thuringiensis Al Hakam is phylogenetically more closely related to B. anthracis and other “Branch F” Bacillus isolates than to many of the commercially important B. thuringiensis isolates (2). The B. thuringiensis Al Hakam genome provides new sequence data that can be used to further study the evolutionary relationships among B. cereus group organisms.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the Intelligence Technology Innovation Center and the DOE Chemical and Biological Non-Proliferation Program for funding the sequencing and analysis of this genome.
Footnotes
▿Published ahead of print on 2 March 2007.
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