PMC

It is proposed that vitamin D acts to regulate ageing by controlling the activity of a number of the ageing processes. Vitamin D promotes the activity of autophagy, which acts to slow down the ageing processes by removing dysfunctional mitochondria. Vitamin D also acts to reduce mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium signalling, epigenetics and DNA disorders including telomere shortening, which act to drive the processes of ageing.

(A) Serum levels of HDL in four groups based on their Vitamin D and hs-CRP status. (B). Serum levels of TNFR-2 in four groups based on their Vitamin D and hs-CRP status. (C). Serum levels of IL-6 in four groups based on their Vitamin D and hs-CRP status. (D). Serum levels of IL-10 in four groups based on their Vitamin D and hs-CRP status. HP/SVD < 25: hs-CRP positive/serum vitamin D < 25ng/mL; HP/SVD ≥ 25: hs-CRP positive/serum vitamin D ≥ 25ng/mL; HN/SVD < 25: hs-CRP negative/serum vitamin D < 25 ng/mL; HN/SVD ≥ 25: hs-CRP negative/serum vitamin D ≥ 25ng/mL; IL: interleukin; HDL: high density lipoprotein; TNFR-2: tumor necrosis factor receptor 2. * p-value less than 0.05; ** p-value less than 0.05 vs. low vitamin D groups; *** p-value less than 0.05 vs. all other groups. Data analysis was done by ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests.

Vitamin D inflammation pathways of prostate cancer. Vitamin D metabolites are transported to the prostate. 25(OH)D is locally metabolized to 1,25(OH)₂D, and 1,25(OH)₂D binds to vitamin D receptor (VDR) with coactivators. This vitamin D and VDR complex modulates immune response by regulating expression of vitamin D target genes. The genes involved in immune response can be direct targets with vitamin D response element or in downstream in the pathways.

The mean± SEM of expression involved in inflammation in hippocampal tissue of rats in controlled and treated groups. *** for P<0.001 (vs, control group), #, ## and ### for P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively (vs, epileptic group (PTZ)). $, $$, and $$$ for P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively (vs, Vitamin D 50 acute (A)). †, †† and ††† for P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively (vs, Vitamin D 100 acute (A)). ‡, ‡‡ and ‡‡‡ for P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively (vs, Vitamin D 150 acute (A)). ¥, ¥¥ and ¥¥¥ for P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively (vs, Diazepam). Control: n=10, PTZ: n=10, Diazepam: n=10, Vitamin D 50 acute (A): n=6, Vitamin D 100 acute (A): n=6, Vitamin D 150 acute (A): n=6, Vitamin D 50 chronic (C): n=6, Vitamin D 100 chronic (C): n=6, Vitamin D 150 chronic (C): n=6