PMC

Comparison of IL-10 and VEGF expression between experimental and control groups. (a) Analysis of IL-10 levels in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (2 h/day) compared to cultures exposed only to FGF-2 and cultures without PEMF and FGF-2 exposures after 7, 14, and 21 days. (b) Analysis of IL-10 levels in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (4 h/day) compared to cultures exposed only to FGF-2 and cultures without PEMF and FGF-2 exposures after 7, 14, and 21 days. (c) Analysis of IL-10 levels in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (8 h/day) compared to cultures exposed only to FGF-2 and cultures without PEMF and FGF-2 exposures after 7, 14, and 21 days. (d) Analysis of VEGF levels in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (2 h/day) compared to cultures exposed only to FGF-2 and cultures without PEMF and FGF-2 exposures after 7, 14, and 21 days. (e) Analysis of VEGF levels in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (4 h/day) compared to cultures exposed only to FGF-2 and cultures without PEMF and FGF-2 exposures after 7, 14, and 21 days. (f) Analysis of VEGF levels in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (8 h/day) compared to cultures exposed only to FGF-2 and cultures without PEMF and FGF-2 exposures after 7, 14, and 21 days.

Evaluation of cell mortality in UC-MSC cultures exposed to PEMF. (a) FACS analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (2 h/day) after 7 days. (b) FACS analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (4 h/day) after 7 days. (c) FACS analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (8 h/day) after 7 days. (d) FACS analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (2 h/day) after 14 days. (e) FACS analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (4 h/day) after 14 days. (f) FACS analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (8 h/day) after 14 days. (g) FACS analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (2 h/day) after 21 days. (h) FACS analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (4 h/day) after 21 days. (i) FACS analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide in cultures exposed to FGF-2 and PEMF (8 h/day) after 21 days.

Analysis of genotoxicity in Schwann cells after treatment with PEMF 100 Hz or 1000 Hz and LIPUS 20 kHz or 40 kHz, and after combined treatment with PEMF 100 Hz and LIPUS 20 kHz, PEMF 1000 Hz and LIPUS 20 kHz, PEMF 100 Hz and LIPUS 40 kHz, and PEMF 1000 Hz and LIPUS 40 kHz, as well as in control cells. The analysis was performed using the alkaline version of the comet assay after 10 days of PEMF and/or LIPUS field therapy. Cells suspended in 10% DMSO were used as a positive control. Cells suspended in 1.5 mL of complete culture medium were used as a negative control. 1–40 kHz LIPUS + PEMF 4 Hz.

Comparison of myogenic potential between normal PEMF exposure and PEMF exposure using the transparent and dark boxes. (A) Live cell count of GFP vector cells and CRY2-overexpressing cells in response to different stimuli of control/light in the open (red), regular PEMF exposure without any encompassing box (blue), PEMF exposure using the clear box (green), and PEMF exposure in the dark with the dark box (black) as a fold change over GFP control. Previous experiments with PEMF exposures did not utilize the clear box as the clear box was used for the control condition. This experiment utilized the clear box as a PEMF condition to compare how having an encompassing box would affect cellular responses to regular PEMF exposure without a box. (B) Protein expression of (i) TRPC1, (ii) Cyclin B1, (iii) Cyclin D1, (iv) phosphorylated ERK, and (v) MyoD in response to control/light, PEMF exposure without any encompassing box, PEMF exposure using a clear box, and PEMF exposure in the dark for both GFP vector (solid) and CRY2-overexpressed (hatched) myoblasts. Data represent n = 4 (with three technical replicates each) independent biological replicates, and statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by multiple comparison tests with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM).