PMC

Mangiferin eliminates pathogenic proteins and elevates neuroprotective factors in LPS-challenged cells by Western blot. (A) Western blot showed the protein level of Aβ42, p-tau, S100β, NSE, APJ, and VEGF change with different treatments. (B–G) Quantitative analysis of A, protein levels of Aβ42 in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS compared to control were 2.10, 1.67, and 1.30 times, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA, F = 111.7, ^***P < 0.001. Protein levels of p-tau in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS compared to the control are 2.60, 1.94, and 1.53 times, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA, F = 285.7, ^***P < 0.001. Protein levels of S100β in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, and 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS compared to the control are 2.11, 1.61, and 1.38 times, respectively, ^**P = 0.0026 for 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS vs. 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS. One-way ANOVA, F = 241.0, ^***P < 0.001. Protein levels of NSE in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, 40 μM mangiferin with LPS compared to the control are 3.57, 2.27, and 1.67 times, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA, F = 990.9, ^***P < 0.001. Protein levels of APJ in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS compared to control are 0.45, 0.63, and 0.82 in fold, respectively, ^**P = 0.0028 for LPS vs. 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, ^**P = 0.0015 for 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS vs. 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS. One-way ANOVA, F = 108.3, ^***P < 0.001. Protein levels of VEGF in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, 40 μM mangiferin with LPS compared to control were 0.43, 0.57, and 0.79 times, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA, F = 467.7, ^***P < 0.001.

Mangiferin eliminates pathogenic proteins and increases neuroprotective factors in LPS-challenged cells by RT-PCR. (A) The relative mRNA levels of Aβ42 in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, and 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS compared to control are 7.02, 4.80, and 1.56 times, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA, F = 1199, ^***P < 0.001. (B) Relative mRNA levels of p-tau in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, and 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS compared to control are 15.49, 6.27, and 3.00 times, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA, F = 1013, ^***P < 0.001. (C) Relative mRNA levels of S100β in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, and 40 μM mangiferin with LPS compared to the control are 9.39, 4.95, and 3.03, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA, F = 446, ^***P < 0.001. (D) Relative mRNA levels of NSE in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS compared to control were 4.19, 3.19, and 1.31 times, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA, F = 834, ^***P < 0.001. (E) Relative mRNA levels of APJ in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, and 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS compared to control are 0.24, 0.42, and 0.77 times, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA, F = 1688, ^***P < 0.001. (F) Relative mRNA levels of VEGF in LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, and 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS compared to control are 0.36, 0.53, and 0.71 times, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA, F = 396, ^***P < 0.001.

Mangiferin and isoflurane reduced HI-induced ROS. (A) Values are mean ±SD, n=6. p<0.05 as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by DMRT analysis. * Represents p<0.05 vs. control; ^# represents p<0.05 vs. HI control; ^@ represents HI + Mangiferin (200 mg) + Isoflurane vs. HI + Isoflurane and Mangiferin (200 mg) + HI at p<0.05 vs. isoflurane. Different letters in different experimental groups indicate significant differences at p<0.05. (B) Mangiferin and isoflurane reduced HI-induced MDA levels. Values are mean ±SD, n=6. p<0.05 as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by DMRT analysis. * Represents p<0.05 vs. control; ^# represents p<0.05 vs. HI control; ^@ represents HI + Mangiferin (200 mg) + Isoflurane vs. HI + Isoflurane and Mangiferin (200 mg) + HI at p<0.05 vs. isoflurane. Different letters in different experimental groups indicate significant differences at p<0.05. (C) Mangiferin and isoflurane reduced HI-induced ROS, MDA levels and enhances GSH levels. Values are mean ±SD, n=6. p<0.05 as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by DMRT analysis. * Represents p<0.05 vs. control; ^# represents p<0.05 vs. HI control; ^@ represents HI + Mangiferin (200 mg) + Isoflurane vs. HI + Isoflurane and Mangiferin (200 mg) + HI at p<0.05 vs. isoflurane. Different letters in different experimental groups indicate significant differences at p<0.05.

Anti-inflammatory effect of mangiferin on LPS-exposed cells. The concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-a in mangiferin-treated culture medium are measured by ELISA assay. Data are presented as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA is used for statistical analysis. (A) Concentrations of IL-1β in control, LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, and 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS are 23.23 pg/mL, 62.11 pg/mL, 49.37 pg/mL, and 35.64 pg/mL, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001. (B) Concentrations of IL-6 in control, LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS are 39.52 pg/ml, 120.70 pg/mL, 71.41 pg/mL, and 52.57 pg/mL, respectively. ^**P = 0.0066 for LPS vs. 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, P = 0.23 for 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS vs. 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, no significance is observed. All other comparisons are presented as ^***P < 0.001. (C) Concentrations of TNF-a in control, LPS, 20 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS, and 40 μmol/L mangiferin with LPS are 18.61 pg/mL, 86.98 pg/mL, 75.60 pg/mL, and 45.80 pg/mL, respectively, all ^***P < 0.001.