PMC

(a) UMAP visualization of log transformed and KNN imputed LC-MS data from training samples. EDL early disseminated Lyme disease, ELL early localized Lyme disease, HCN healthy control non-endemic, HCE1 healthy control endemic site 1. (b) UMAP visualization of log transformed and KNN imputed LC-MS data from training samples post IFR. EDL early disseminated Lyme disease, ELL early localized Lyme disease, HCN healthy control non-endemic, HCE1 healthy control endemic site 1. (c) UMAP visualization of log transformed and KNN imputed LC-MS data from training samples restricted to the features found by IFR. EDL early disseminated Lyme disease, ELL early localized Lyme disease, HCN healthy control non-endemic, HCE1 healthy control endemic site 1.

Study flowchart in the patient sale (n = 1261). ^aSymptom duration <3 months before diagnosis of Lyme disease (excluding arthritis). ^bSymptom duration >3 months before diagnosis of Lyme disease (excluding arthritis). Abbreviations: ALD, active/recent Lyme disease; LD, Lyme disease; PTLDS, consistent with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome.

Model schematic of individual state-transition model. Note: LD = Lyme disease, PTLDS = post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. Within the states of Lyme disease, individuals can develop sequelae. Individuals can recover to a healthy state from any state of Lyme disease.

A. Proportion of sequelae reported in eligible studies for Lyme disease cases and unexposed cohorts in North American countries. B. Proportion of sequelae reported in eligible studies for Lyme disease cases and unexposed cohorts in European countries. Each point represents a cohort of patients expressing the category of sequelae; the size of the points indicates the relative number of patients in that cohort (study). Raw data are in . Abbreviation: LD, Lyme disease. C. Proportion of sequelae reported in eligible studies for exposed cohorts with posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome and unexposed cohorts in North America. Each point in the figure represents a cohort of patients expressing the category of sequelae; the size of the points indicates the relative number of patients in that cohort (study). Abbreviations: LD, Lyme disease; PTLDS, posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome.