PMC

Upper panels: From left to right; first panel, forearm adipose tissue biopsy on a Petri dish prior to tissue disgregation; second and third panels, adipose tissue dissected fragments by optical microscopy (5x and 10x, respectively). Adipose tissue and scarce adipose cells generated from tissue explants. Black continuous arrow pointing adipose cells coming out from the explant. Black discontinuous arrow marking typical oil drops from adipose tissue samples. Middle panels: From left to right, first human adipose stem cells at 0h of induction with neurobasal differentiation media; second panel, human derived adipose stem cells after 20 days of differentiation in neurobasal differentiation media; third panel, neurosphere formation after 48 hours of induction. Dod, days of development (differentiation), hASCs, human adipose stem cells, NhASCs, neuronal-like adipose stem cells, NS, neurosphere. Bottom panels: From left to right; first, representative immunofluorescence images of forearm human adipose stem cells undifferentiated at basal timepoint conditions (blue DAPI); second, after 20 days of differentiation (blue DAPI, red b actin, green neuronal bIII tubulin) and third, after neurosphere formation (blue DAPI, red b actin, green TOM20). hASC, human adipose stem cells.

Differentiation of canine adipose derived stem cells. (a) Canine adipose derived stem cells negative for alkaline phosphatase activity (negative control for osteoblasts differentiation). (b) Osteoblast differentiation. Canine adipose derived stem cells stained for alkaline phosphatase activity with NBT substrate (purple). (c) Chondrodifferentiation of canine adipose derived stem cells in microwell plate stained with Alcian Staining Solution, negative and positive well. Positive well contains blue spheroid. (d) Chondrodifferentiation of canine adipose derived stem cells. Spheroid stained with Alcian Staining Solution.

Morphology of progressively induced rhesus adipose stem cells under the inverted microscope (scale bars: 100 μm).
(A) LIM homeobox transcription factor 1a-transduced rhesus adipose stem cells were incubated in our induction medium in co-culture with neural stem cells, and there were no obvious changes at day 1.
(B) Cultured rhesus adipose stem cells were subsequently incubated in a combination of media supplements at day 10. The cultured fibroblastic rhesus adipose stem cells first condense, and then extend and form process-like projections of membrane.
(C) When co-cultured with neural stem cells for 21 days, differentiated rhesus adipose stem cells displayed neuronal-like structures with a network appearance.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (A) and adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (B) prior to differentiation: fusiform and fibroblastic like cells. Differentiation to Ostesoblast: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (C) and adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (D), Alizarin Red staininig. Differentiation to adypocytes: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (E) and adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (F), Oil Red-O staininig. [X200 magnification].