PMC

(A) Representative traces of gastric motility regulated by acupuncture at ST37 in β_1/2-AR-KO mice and M_2/3-R-KO mice. (B) Representative traces of gastric motility regulated by acupuncture at ST25 in β_1/2-AR-KO mice and M_2/3-R-KO mice. (C) β_1/2-AR deletion did not affect the enhancement of intragastric pressure by acupuncture at ST37 relative to WT littermates (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). M_2/3-R deletion significantly reduced the increase in intragastric pressure caused by ST37 relative to WT littermates (** P < 0.01, unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal intragastric pressure before acupuncture. (D) β_1/2-AR deletion did not change the gastric motility frequency enhanced by acupuncture at ST37 (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). M_2/3-R deletion did not significantly change the increase of gastric motility frequency caused by acupuncture at ST37 relative to WT littermates (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal intragastric frequency before acupuncture. (E) β_1/2-AR deletion significantly changed intragastric pressure reduced by acupuncture at ST25 relative to WT littermates (* P < 0.05, unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group); M_2/3-R deletion did not significantly change the decrease in intragastric pressure caused by acupuncture at ST25 relative to WT littermates unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal intragastric pressure before acupuncture. (F) β_1/2-AR or deletion changed gastric motility frequency induced by acupuncture at ST25 significantly relative to WT littermates (* P < 0.05, unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). M_2/3 deletion did not significantly change gastric motility frequency induced by acupuncture at ST25 relative to WT littermates (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal gastric frequency before acupuncture; MA: manual acupuncture.

(A) Representative traces of distal colonic motility regulated by acupuncture at ST37 in β_1/2-AR KO mice and M_2/3-R KO mice. (B) Representative traces of distal colonic motility regulated by acupuncture at ST25 in β_1/2-AR KO mice and M_2/3-R KO mice. (C) β_1/2-AR deletion did not affect the increase in intracolonic pressure due to acupuncture at ST37, relative to WT littermates (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). M_2/3-R deletion significantly reduced the increase in intracolonic pressure due to acupuncture at ST37 relative to WT littermates (* P < 0.05, unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal intracolonic pressure before acupuncture. (D) β_1/2-AR or M_2/3-R deletion did not affect the change in distal colonic motility frequency induced by acupuncture at ST37 relative to WT littermates (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal intrajejunal frequency before acupuncture. (E) β_1/2-AR deletion did not significantly change the increase in intracolonic pressure due to acupuncture at ST25 relative to WT littermates (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group); M_2/3-R deletion significantly reduced the increase in intracolonic pressure resulting from acupuncture at ST25 relative to WT littermates (** P < 0.01, unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal intracolonic pressure before acupuncture. (F) β_1/2-AR or M_2/3-R deletion did not change distal colonic motility frequency induced by acupuncture at ST25, relative to WT littermates (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal jejunal frequency before acupuncture; MA: manual acupuncture.

(A) Representative traces of jejunal motility regulated by acupuncture at ST37 in β_1/2-AR KO mice and M_2/3-R KO mice. (B) Representative traces of jejunal motility regulated by acupuncture at ST25 in β_1/2-AR KO mice and M_2/3-R KO mice. (C) β_1/2-AR deletion did not change intrajejunal pressure increased by acupuncture at ST37 relative to WT littermates (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). M_2/3-R deletion significantly reduced the increase in intrajejunal pressure caused by acupuncture at ST37 relative to WT littermates (* P < 0.05, unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal intrajejunal pressure before acupuncture. (D) β_1/2-AR or M_2/3-R deletion did not change the jejunal motility frequency induced by acupuncture at ST37 relative to their WT littermates (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal intrajejunal frequency before acupuncture. (E) β_1/2-AR deletion significantly increased intrajejunal pressure reduced by acupuncture at ST25 relative to WT littermates (** P < 0.01, unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group); M_2/3-R deletion did not significantly affect the decrease in intrajejunal pressure caused by acupuncture at ST25 relative to WT littermates (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal intrajejunal pressure before acupuncture. (F) β_1/2-AR or M_2/3-R deletion did not change jejunal motility frequency mediated by acupuncture at ST25 relative to WT littermates (unpaired t-test, n = 10 in each group). The dashed line denotes basal jejunal frequency before acupuncture; MA: manual acupuncture.

Changes in normalized units of low-frequency (LFnu) components induced by acupuncture stimulation. The value of LFnu decreased during acupuncture and increased to baseline level after acupuncture was completed (P < 0.0001; one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance). Before acupuncture versus during acupuncture: P < 0.01; during acupuncture versus after acupuncture: P < 0.01; before acupuncture versus after acupuncture: P = not significant. NS, not significant; ANOVA, analysis of variance; acp, acupuncture.