PMC

Acceptance of anxiety increased during MBSR (mindfulness-based stress reduction), b = 1.16, 95% CI [0.55, 1.77], t = 3.75, p < .001, but not in CBGT (cognitive behavioral group therapy), b = −0.08, 95% CI [−0.69, 0.53], t = −0.25, p = .80, with a significant interaction of group by session indicating greater increases in acceptance during MBSR, b = −1.23, 95% CI[−2.10, −0.37], t = −2.84, p = .006. Perceived acceptance success did not change during CBGT, b = 0.16, 95% CI [−0.45, 0.76], t = 0.51, p = .61, but did increase during MBSR, b = 1.60, 95% CI [0.99, 2.21], t = 5.19, p < .001. The session by group interaction was significant, indicating greater increases during MBSR, b = −1.44, 95% CI [−2.31, −0.58], t = −3.32, p = .001.

Impact of migraine on emotional health across mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and headache (HA) Education intervention arms. (A) Impact of migraine on emotional health showed a potential difference across MBSR (60%, n = 26/43) vs. HA Education (42%, n = 16/38), p = 0.122. (B) Impact of migraine across different subthemes of emotional health showed no group differences across isolation (MBSR 28%, n = 12/43, vs. HA Education 34%, n = 13/38, p = 0.632), a potential difference across frustration/anger (MBSR 30%, n = 13/43 vs. HA Education 11%, n = 4/38, p = 0.054), and without differences across anxiety (MBSR 26%, n = 11/43 vs. HA Education 21%, n = 8/38, p = 0.794). Statistically significant differences existed across mood (MBSR 26%, n = 11/43 vs. HA Education 8%, n = 3/38; p = 0.043). No differences were seen across guilt (MBSR 16%, n = 7/43 vs. HA education 24%, n = 9/38, p = 0.419); potential differences existed across depression (MBSR 14%, n = 6/43 vs. HA Education 3%, n = 1/38, p = 0.114)

Weekly reappraisal increased significantly during CBGT (cognitive behavioral group therapy), b = 1.65, 95% CI [1.13, 2.17], t = 6.27, p < .001, and MBSR (mindfulness-based stress reduction), b = 1.50, 95% CI [0.98, 2.02], t = 5.69, p < .001. The session by group interaction was not significant, b = 0.15, 95% CI [−0.59, 0.89], t = 0.40, p = .69. Weekly perceived reappraisal success increased significantly during CBGT, b = 2.22, 95% CI [1.78, 2.67], t = 9.98, p < .001, and MBSR, b = 1.31, 95% CI [0.87, 1.75], t = 5.87, p < .001, with a significant session by group interaction indicating greater increases during CBGT (vs. MBSR), b = 0.91, 95% CI [0.29, 1.54], t = 2.89, p = .005.

Weekly disputing or challenging anxious thought and feelings increased significantly during CBGT (cognitive behavioral group therapy), b = 1.60, 95% CI [1.11, 2.08], t = 6.57, p < .001, and MBSR (mindfulness-based stress reduction), b = 0.76, 95% CI [0.27, 1.24], t = 3.10, p = .003. The session by group interaction was significant, indicating greater increases during CBGT vs. MBSR, b = 0.84, 95% CI [0.16, 1.52], t = 2.44, p = .016.