PMC

(A, top panel): Percentage of MED on E. pulcherrima. E. pulcherrima-derived MED is competing with B. oleracea cv. Jingfeng 1-derived MEAM1; see text for treatment details. Values are mean (±SE) of the percentage of MED per replicate (N = 5). (B, middle panel): Percentage of MED on G. hirsutum cv. DP99B. Large red circles: data from this study on E. pulcherrima-derived MED competing with B. oleracea cv. Jingfeng 1-derived MEAM1; values are mean (±SE) of the percentage of MED per replicate (N = 3). Small circles: data from five studies in which MED and MEAM1 were reared on the same host plant and allowed to compete on G. hirsutum. In Horowitz et al [], figure 5 in Crowder et al []; both MEAM1 and MED were reared and experimented on cv. Atala.; in Crowder et al [], on cv. DP5415; in Wu et al [], on cv. Simian-8; in Sun et al [], on cv. Zhe-Mian 1793; in Pan et al [], both MEAM1 and MED were reared on L. esculentum cv. Zhongza 9 and experimented on cv. DP99B. (C, bottom panel): Percentage of MED on B. oleracea cv. Jingfeng 1. Large red circles: data from this study on E. pulcherrima-derived MED competing with B. oleracea-derived MEAM1; values are mean (±SE) of the percentage of MED per replicate (N = 4). Small circles: Data from two additional studies in which MEAM1 and MED were reared on the same host plant and allowed to compete on B. oleracea cv. Jingfeng 1. In Sun et al [], both were reared on G. hirsutum cv. Zhe-Mian 1793; in Pan et al [], both were reared on L. esculentum cv. Zhongza 9.

Med A: no medication or non-insulin monotherapy; Med B: non-insulin combination therapy; Med C: insulin medication (with or without other non-insulin medication). Med A for HbA1c > 7.5% was excluded from statistics because of only 2 cases. (a) PCA plot shows two overlapping clusters representing the high HbA1c Med groups (red circle 1) and the low HbA1c Med groups (green circle 2). (b) Heat map shows bi-clustering of the 5 groups with contributing variables. A distinct grouping of Med B&C for either HbA1c ≤ 7.5% or HbA1c > 7.5% and a separate standing of Med A resulted. For detailed information about the differences between the 5 groups see .

A. Effect of MED on NF-κB luciferase reporter activity after LPS treatment. Cells were transiently transfected with NF-κB luciferase reporter plasmids and incubated overnight, then cells were treated with LPS (100 ng/ml) together with various doses of MED for 6 h. Luciferase activities were determined as described in the Methods. Data shown are the mean + SD (n = 3). **p<0.01. B. Effect of MED on phosphorylation of IKK induced by LPS. Cells were treated with LPS (100 ng/ml) together with various doses of MED for 10 min. C. Effect of MED on degradation of IκBα induced by LPS. Cells were treated by LPS (100 ng/ml) together with various doses of MED for 15 min. D, E. Effect of MED on nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 induced by LPS. Cells were treated by LPS (100 ng/ml) together with various doses of MED for 30 min, then nuclear translocation of p65 was determined by Western blotting (D) or Immunofluoresence analysis (E). C: Cytoplasm; N: Nucleus. The area of nucleus was marked with PI. F. Effect of MED on DNA binding activity of NF-κB induced by LPS. Cells were treated with LPS (100 ng/ml) together with various doses of MED for 30 min. Nuclear extracts were obtained for EMSA.

A Bar graphs contrasting the amount of pruning evidenced in MDNCs after an hour of culture under control conditions in cells from CTL, SCZ and MED. Structural parameters studied were; longest primary neurite (LPN), longest secondary neurite (LSN), number of primary neurites, number of secondary neurites and total number of neurites. Two-sample t tests was used to determine differences between CTL vs. SCZ and CTL vs. MED after a mixed model analysis was performed to account for correlations of repeated measures within subjects. Data are given as mean ± SEM. MDNCs from 8 CTL and 10 SCZ (of which 8 are medicated “MED”) were included in the analysis. MDNCs traced for LSN for CTL, n = 571; SCZ, n = 854; and MED, n = 667; for all other structural parameters; CTL, n = 656; SCZ, n = 976; and MED, n = 769. B Bar graphs contrasting the amount of pruning evidenced in MDNCs after an hour of incubation with colchicine 0.4 µM in cells from CTL, SCZ and MED. The same structural parameters as in (A) were studied. We performed linear regression analysis adjusting for baseline retraction (response under control conditions), differentiation efficiency, and structure at baseline in the models as covariates based on subject-level averaged data. Data are given as mean ± SEM. MDNCs from 3 CTL and 7 SCZ (of which 6 are medicated “MED”) were included in the analysis. MDNCs traced for LSN for CTL, n = 117; SCZ, n = 341; and MED, n = 327; for all other structural parameters; CTL, n = 191; SCZ, n = 405; and MED, n = 388. C Bar graphs contrasting the amount of pruning evidenced in MDNCs after an hour of incubation with colchicine 0.5 µM in cells from CTL, SCZ and MED. The same structural parameters and the same statistical analysis as in (A) were used. Data are given as mean ± SEM. MDNCs from 4 CTL and 9 SCZ (of which 8 are medicated “MED”) were included in the analysis. MDNCs traced for LSN for CTL, n = 267; SCZ, n = 565; and MED, n = 534; for all other structural parameters; CTL, n = 401; SCZ, n = 662; and MED, n = 627. D Bar graphs contrasting the amount of pruning evidenced in MDNCs after an hour of incubation with colchicine 0.75 µM in cells from CTL, SCZ and MED. The same structural parameters and the same statistical analysis as in (A) were used. Data are given as mean ± SEM. MDNCs from 3 CTL and 7 SCZ (of which 6 are medicated “MED”) were included in the analysis. MDNCs traced for LSN for CTL, n = 221; SCZ, n = 490; and MED, n = 472; for all other structural parameters; CTL, n = 297; SCZ, n = 621; and MED, n = 593. E Bar graphs contrasting the amount of pruning evidenced in MDNCs after an hour of incubation with dopamine 4mM in cells from CTL, SCZ and MED. The same structural parameters and the same statistical analysis as in (A) were used. Data are given as mean ± SEM. MDNCs from 6 CTL and 9 SCZ (of which 7 are medicated “MED”) were included in the analysis. MDNCs traced for LSN for CTL, n = 354; SCZ, n = 455; and MED, n = 414; for all other structural parameters; CTL, n = 477; SCZ, n = 622; and MED, n = 486. F Bar graphs contrasting the amount of pruning evidenced in MDNCs after an hour of incubation with dopamine 5 mM in cells from CTL, SCZ and MED. The same structural parameters and the same statistical analysis as in (A) were used. Data are given as mean ± SEM. MDNCs from 5 CTL and 7 SCZ (of which 6 are medicated “MED”) were included in the analysis. MDNCs traced for LSN for CTL, n = 228; SCZ, n = 316; and MED, n = 291; for all other structural parameters; CTL, n = 344; SCZ, n = 388; and MED, n = 352. *P = or < 0.05.