PMC

Clavulanic acid conjugated and immobilized onto affinity gel was incubated with rat brain homogenate. Proteins bound to the clavulanic acid conjugated to the gel were eluted and analyzed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (data not shown). (A) Munc18-1 and Rab4 were identified as a candidate protein that were present in the elution pool and was verified by western blotting. Brain homogenate alone, proteins eluted from the clavulanic acid conjugated to the affinity gel and proteins eluted from affinity gel alone (primary amine was protected with acetyl group, no clavulanic acid) were run on SDS/PAGE gel. Gels were stained to verify protein loading and then Western blot analysis was performed: 1st lane: brain homogenate (BH) alone probed for the presence of either Munc18-1 or Rab4; 2^nd lane (−): control (BH elution pool of resin alone probed for either Munc18-1 or Rab4); 3^rd lane (+): indicates the presence of either Munc18-1 or Rab4 from the eluted proteins collected from clavulanic acid conjugated gel. (B) Clavulanic acid does not bind to Syntaxin 1. 1st lane: brain homogenate (BH) alone probed for the presence of Syntaxin-1; 2^nd lane (−): control (BH elution pool of resin alone probed for Syntaxin-1); 3^rd lane (+): (eluted BH proteins collected from clavulanic acid conjugated affinity resin probed for Syntaxin-1).

(A) PC12 cells were treated with 100 μM clavulanic acid or vehicle control. Dopamine release and total dopamine levels were measured by ELISA at 6 and 12 h post treatment. (B) Tyrosine hydroxylase expression in PC12 cells upon treatment with clavulanic acid for 6 and 12 h was measured. (C) Differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 100 μM clavulanic acid or vehicle control. Dopamine release and total dopamine levels were measured by ELISA after 6 and 12 h post treatment. (D) Tyrosine hydroxylase expression in differentiated SH-SY5Y upon treatment with clavulanic acid for 6 and 12 h was measured. Values were expressed as mean ± S.D and * indicates values that are significantly different from control (p<0.05).

Effect of meropenem/clavulanic acid on PG structure. RP-HPLC profile of muropeptides from PG isolated from Mtb exposed to the following concentrations of meropenem and clavulanic acid: (A) 100 μM clavulanic acid only (B) 0.2 μM meropenem and 100 μM clavulanic acid (C) 0.5 μM meropenem and 100 μM clavulanic acid (D) 2.0 μM meropenem and 100 μM clavulanic acid (E) 5.0 μM meropenem and 100 μM clavulanic acid (F) 50 μM meropenem and 100 μM clavulanic acid.

Publications about clavulanic acid production by Streptomyces clavuligerus in the chemical engineering discipline between 1976 and 2017. (a) Research-topic map for publications about clavulanic acid production by Streptomyces clavuligerus. (b) Research-topic density map for publications about clavulanic acid production by Streptomyces clavuligerus.