PMC

Characterisation of late osteogenic surface markers, FGF-23, BGLAP, BGN and DMP-1, investigated at 24 h and 7 days post-photobiomodulation irradiation. A statistically significant increase at 24 h post-photobiomodulation treatment in FGF-23, BGN and DMP-1 marker expression by Near Infrared-Green photobiomodulation compared to the control group and amongst the experimental photobiomodulation groups was identified. A statistically significant increase in BGLAP marker expression by Near Infra-red photobiomodulation was identified at 24 h post-irradiation compared to the control and the other experimental photobiomodulation groups occurred. At 7 days post-photobiomodulation treatment, a statistically significant increase in FGFR-3 and DMP-1 marker expression by Near Infra-red photobiomodulation compared to the control group and amongst the experimental photobiomodulation groups was observed. A statistically significant increase in BGLAP marker expression by the control group and Green photobiomodulation at 7 days post-irradiation treatment was identified. A statistically significant increase was observed in BGN marker expression at 7 days post-photobiomodulation by the Near Infrared-Green photobiomodulation group compared to the control and other photobiomodulation treatment groups.

(A) Transcranial, (B) intracranial, (C) intranasal photobiomodulation therapy, (D) brain photobiomodulation via oral cavity.

Experimental design of the study. A) The photobiomodulation session for real and sham groups, B) procedures for photobiomodulation and sites of photobiomodulation according to the International 10–20 system
MMSE – mini-mental state examination, tPBM – transcranial photobiomodulation

Experimental cell culture model. Cells in Group A received neither osteogenic differentiation inducers nor photobiomodulation treatment. Cells in Group B received osteogenic differentiation inducers but did not receive photobiomodulation treatment. Cells in Group C received both osteogenic differentiation inducers and Near Infra-red photobiomodulation treatment at an 825 nm wavelength at a 5 J/cm² dose. Cells in Group D received both osteogenic differentiation inducers and Green photobiomodulation treatment at a 525 nm wavelength at a 5 J/cm² dose. Cells in Group E received both osteogenic differentiation inducers and Near Infra-Red-Green combined photobiomodulation treatment at 825 nm and 525 nm wavelengths at a 5 J/cm² dose.