PMC

Apparent disappearance of metoprolol in the aqueous phase of hyporheic zone sediment microcosms. Biotic metoprolol removal in sediments amended with metoprolol under oxic (a) and anoxic (b) conditions, respectively. c Metoprolol concentrations in microcosms with autoclaved sediment and river water (“sorption”) indicative of abiotic removal of metoprolol from the aqueous phase via sorption to the sediment matrix. “Abiotic decay” indicates metoprolol concentrations in autoclaved river water microcosms without sediment to account for abiotic degradation of metoprolol. Values are the arithmetic means of triplicate incubations. Error bars represent standard deviations. Some standard deviations are smaller than the symbol size and therefore not apparent. Arrows indicate the time of refeeding of microcosms with metoprolol

(A–D) Metoprolol enhanced the tube formation capacity of EPCs treated with high glucose (33 mM) for 24 h. (E–H) Metoprolol enhanced the migration capacity of EPCs treated with high glucose (33 mM) for 24 h. (I–L) Metoprolol enhanced the tube formation capacity of EPCs from diabetic mice. (M–P) Metoprolol enhanced the migration capacity of EPCs from diabetic mice. (Q–T) Metoprolol increased the number of circulating EPCs in diabetic mice. Scale bar: 50 µm. n = 6. Data represent mean ± SEM. **, p < 0.01, ***, p < 0.001 compared with unstimulated control. ^#, p < 0.05, ^###, p < 0.001 compared with the HG group or STZ group.

Effect of metoprolol on oxidative stress in CHD modeled rats. A. Effect of metoprolol on MDA in CHD modeled rats; B. Effect of metoprolol on SOD in CHD modeled rats; C. Effect of metoprolol on CAT in CHD modeled rats; D. Effect of metoprolol on GSH-Px in CHD modeled rats. Note: compared with CG or between both groups, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

Metabolic pathways of metoprolol and influence of CYP induction on the clearance of metoprolol and midazolam in vivo. (A) α-Hydroxylation (I), O-demethylation (II), and N-dealkylation (III) represent the 3 principle pathways of metoprolol metabolism, (B) midazolam clearance before and after treatment with rifampicin (600 mg rifampicin per day for 7 days), (C) metoprolol clearance before and after treatment with rifampicin (600 mg rifampicin per day for 7 days), and (D) α-OH-metoprolol exposure before and after treatment with rifampicin (600 mg rifampicin per day for 7 days). MDZ: midazolam, MTP: metoprolol.