MeSH

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Year introduced: 1989

The conversion of absorbed light energy into molecular signals.

Year introduced: 2009

The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.

Year introduced: 2003

The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.

Year introduced: 2009 (1963)

RefSeq NM_011317

Date introduced: September 22, 2006

Date introduced: July 29, 2005

RefSeq NM_131480

Date introduced: July 29, 2005

RefSeq NM_006559

Date introduced: September 29, 2004

RefSeq NM_152688

Date introduced: August 6, 2004

a member of the GRAS family, is involved in phytochrome A signal transduction; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank AF153443

Date introduced: June 23, 2000

involved in regulation of glutamine synthetase; amino acid sequence of glnB protein given in third source; has histidine kinase activity

Date introduced: February 18, 2000

RefSeq NM_012116

Date introduced: June 25, 1999

RefSeq NM_006558

Date introduced: May 13, 1999

RefSeq NM_133235

Date introduced: May 13, 1999

RefSeq NM_011018

Date introduced: October 21, 1996