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Refractive error

MedGen UID:
20508
•Concept ID:
C0034951
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Disorder, Refractive; Disorders, Refractive; Error, Refractive; Errors, Refractive; Refractive Disorder; Refractive Disorders; Refractive Error; Refractive Errors
SNOMED CT: Disorder of refraction (39021009); Refractive error (39021009)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0004892

Definition

A defect in the focusing of light on the retina as in astigmatism, myopia, or hyperopia. [from NCI]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Accommodative spasm and its different treatment approaches: A systematic review.
Manna P, Karmakar S, Bhardwaj GK, Mondal A
Eur J Ophthalmol 2023 May;33(3):1273-1286. Epub 2022 Nov 16 doi: 10.1177/11206721221136438. PMID: 36384286
Current concepts in the management of childhood myopia.
Dhiman R, Rakheja V, Gupta V, Saxena R
Indian J Ophthalmol 2022 Aug;70(8):2800-2815. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2098_21. PMID: 35918919Free PMC Article
Management of digital eye strain.
Coles-Brennan C, Sulley A, Young G
Clin Exp Optom 2019 Jan;102(1):18-29. Epub 2018 May 23 doi: 10.1111/cxo.12798. PMID: 29797453

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Current concepts in the management of childhood myopia.
Dhiman R, Rakheja V, Gupta V, Saxena R
Indian J Ophthalmol 2022 Aug;70(8):2800-2815. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2098_21. PMID: 35918919Free PMC Article
Age-specific influences of refractive error and illuminance on pupil diameter.
Lee YS, Kim HJ, Lim DK, Kim MH, Lee KJ
Medicine (Baltimore) 2022 Jul 8;101(27):e29859. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000029859. PMID: 35801739Free PMC Article
Cortical Cataract and Refractive Error.
Michael R, Pareja-Aricò L, Rauscher FG, Barraquer RI
Ophthalmic Res 2019;62(3):157-165. Epub 2019 Mar 28 doi: 10.1159/000496865. PMID: 30921809
Education and myopia: assessing the direction of causality by mendelian randomisation.
Mountjoy E, Davies NM, Plotnikov D, Smith GD, Rodriguez S, Williams CE, Guggenheim JA, Atan D
BMJ 2018 Jun 6;361:k2022. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k2022. PMID: 29875094Free PMC Article
Epidemiology of myopia.
Foster PJ, Jiang Y
Eye (Lond) 2014 Feb;28(2):202-8. Epub 2014 Jan 10 doi: 10.1038/eye.2013.280. PMID: 24406412Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Current concepts in the management of childhood myopia.
Dhiman R, Rakheja V, Gupta V, Saxena R
Indian J Ophthalmol 2022 Aug;70(8):2800-2815. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2098_21. PMID: 35918919Free PMC Article
Amblyopia.
Levi DM
Handb Clin Neurol 2021;178:13-30. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-821377-3.00002-7. PMID: 33832673
Education and myopia: assessing the direction of causality by mendelian randomisation.
Mountjoy E, Davies NM, Plotnikov D, Smith GD, Rodriguez S, Williams CE, Guggenheim JA, Atan D
BMJ 2018 Jun 6;361:k2022. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k2022. PMID: 29875094Free PMC Article
Prediction of Juvenile-Onset Myopia.
Zadnik K, Sinnott LT, Cotter SA, Jones-Jordan LA, Kleinstein RN, Manny RE, Twelker JD, Mutti DO; Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study Group
JAMA Ophthalmol 2015 Jun;133(6):683-9. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.0471. PMID: 25837970Free PMC Article
Epidemiology of myopia.
Foster PJ, Jiang Y
Eye (Lond) 2014 Feb;28(2):202-8. Epub 2014 Jan 10 doi: 10.1038/eye.2013.280. PMID: 24406412Free PMC Article

Therapy

Overminus Lens Therapy for Children 3 to 10 Years of Age With Intermittent Exotropia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Chen AM, Erzurum SA, Chandler DL, Hercinovic A, Melia BM, Bhatt AR, Suh DW, Vricella M, Erickson JW, Miller AM, Marsh JD, Bodack MI, Martinson SR, Titelbaum JR, Gray ME, Holtorf HL, Kong L, Kraker RT, Rahmani B, Shah BK, Holmes JM, Cotter SA; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group
JAMA Ophthalmol 2021 Apr 1;139(4):464-476. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.0082. PMID: 33662112Free PMC Article
Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children.
Walline JJ, Lindsley KB, Vedula SS, Cotter SA, Mutti DO, Ng SM, Twelker JD
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 Jan 13;1(1):CD004916. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004916.pub4. PMID: 31930781Free PMC Article
Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial.
Lam CSY, Tang WC, Tse DY, Lee RPK, Chun RKM, Hasegawa K, Qi H, Hatanaka T, To CH
Br J Ophthalmol 2020 Mar;104(3):363-368. Epub 2019 May 29 doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313739. PMID: 31142465Free PMC Article
Education and myopia: assessing the direction of causality by mendelian randomisation.
Mountjoy E, Davies NM, Plotnikov D, Smith GD, Rodriguez S, Williams CE, Guggenheim JA, Atan D
BMJ 2018 Jun 6;361:k2022. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k2022. PMID: 29875094Free PMC Article
Myopia Control: A Review.
Walline JJ
Eye Contact Lens 2016 Jan;42(1):3-8. doi: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000207. PMID: 26513719

Prognosis

Association Between Medication-Taking and Refractive Error in a Large General Population-Based Cohort.
Patasova K, Khawaja AP, Tamraz B, Williams KM, Mahroo OA, Freidin M, Solebo AL, Vehof J, Falchi M, Rahi JS, Hammond CJ, Hysi PG
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021 Feb 1;62(2):15. doi: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.15. PMID: 33591358Free PMC Article
Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose Atropine Eyedrops for the Treatment of Myopia Progression in Chinese Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Wei S, Li SM, An W, Du J, Liang X, Sun Y, Zhang D, Tian J, Wang N
JAMA Ophthalmol 2020 Nov 1;138(11):1178-1184. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.3820. PMID: 33001210Free PMC Article
Effect of Time Spent Outdoors at School on the Development of Myopia Among Children in China: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
He M, Xiang F, Zeng Y, Mai J, Chen Q, Zhang J, Smith W, Rose K, Morgan IG
JAMA 2015 Sep 15;314(11):1142-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.10803. PMID: 26372583
Refractive error, binocular vision and accommodation of children with Down syndrome.
Watt T, Robertson K, Jacobs RJ
Clin Exp Optom 2015 Jan;98(1):3-11. Epub 2014 Nov 13 doi: 10.1111/cxo.12232. PMID: 25395109
Epidemiology of myopia.
Foster PJ, Jiang Y
Eye (Lond) 2014 Feb;28(2):202-8. Epub 2014 Jan 10 doi: 10.1038/eye.2013.280. PMID: 24406412Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Emmetropization and nonmyopic eye growth.
Rozema J, Dankert S, Iribarren R
Surv Ophthalmol 2023 Jul-Aug;68(4):759-783. Epub 2023 Feb 14 doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.02.002. PMID: 36796457
Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review.
Hughes RP, Vincent SJ, Read SA, Collins MJ
Clin Exp Optom 2020 Jan;103(1):68-85. Epub 2019 Sep 6 doi: 10.1111/cxo.12960. PMID: 31489693
IMI - Myopia Genetics Report.
Tedja MS, Haarman AEG, Meester-Smoor MA, Kaprio J, Mackey DA, Guggenheim JA, Hammond CJ, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW; CREAM Consortium
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019 Feb 28;60(3):M89-M105. doi: 10.1167/iovs.18-25965. PMID: 30817828Free PMC Article
Education and myopia: assessing the direction of causality by mendelian randomisation.
Mountjoy E, Davies NM, Plotnikov D, Smith GD, Rodriguez S, Williams CE, Guggenheim JA, Atan D
BMJ 2018 Jun 6;361:k2022. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k2022. PMID: 29875094Free PMC Article
Prediction of Juvenile-Onset Myopia.
Zadnik K, Sinnott LT, Cotter SA, Jones-Jordan LA, Kleinstein RN, Manny RE, Twelker JD, Mutti DO; Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study Group
JAMA Ophthalmol 2015 Jun;133(6):683-9. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.0471. PMID: 25837970Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Lawrenson JG, Shah R, Huntjens B, Downie LE, Virgili G, Dhakal R, Verkicharla PK, Li D, Mavi S, Kernohan A, Li T, Walline JJ
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023 Feb 16;2(2):CD014758. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014758.pub2. PMID: 36809645Free PMC Article
Accommodative spasm and its different treatment approaches: A systematic review.
Manna P, Karmakar S, Bhardwaj GK, Mondal A
Eur J Ophthalmol 2023 May;33(3):1273-1286. Epub 2022 Nov 16 doi: 10.1177/11206721221136438. PMID: 36384286
Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.
GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study
Lancet Glob Health 2021 Feb;9(2):e144-e160. Epub 2020 Dec 1 doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30489-7. PMID: 33275949Free PMC Article
Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Flaxman SR, Bourne RRA, Resnikoff S, Ackland P, Braithwaite T, Cicinelli MV, Das A, Jonas JB, Keeffe J, Kempen JH, Leasher J, Limburg H, Naidoo K, Pesudovs K, Silvester A, Stevens GA, Tahhan N, Wong TY, Taylor HR; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study
Lancet Glob Health 2017 Dec;5(12):e1221-e1234. Epub 2017 Oct 11 doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30393-5. PMID: 29032195
Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review.
Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Zang J, Zou H, Zhu J, Lv M, He X, Xu X
Acta Ophthalmol 2017 Sep;95(6):551-566. Epub 2017 Mar 2 doi: 10.1111/aos.13403. PMID: 28251836Free PMC Article

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