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Glucocorticoid deficiency 2(GCCD2)

MedGen UID:
891117
Concept ID:
C4049714
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: FAMILIAL GLUCOCORTICOID DEFICIENCY 2; GCCD2
 
Gene (location): MRAP (21q22.11)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0011826
OMIM®: 607398

Definition

Familial glucocorticoid deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from resistance to the action of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) on the adrenal cortex, which stimulates glucocorticoid production. Affected individuals are deficient in cortisol and, if untreated, are likely to succumb to hypoglycemia or overwhelming infection in infancy or childhood (summary by Metherell et al., 2005). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of familial glucocorticoid deficiency, see GCCD1 (202200). [from OMIM]

Additional description

From MedlinePlus Genetics
There are multiple types of familial glucocorticoid deficiency, which are distinguished by their genetic cause.

A shortage of adrenal hormones (adrenal insufficiency) causes the signs and symptoms of familial glucocorticoid deficiency. These signs and symptoms often begin in infancy or early childhood. Most affected children first develop low blood glucose (hypoglycemia). These hypoglycemic children can fail to grow and gain weight at the expected rate (failure to thrive). If left untreated, hypoglycemia can lead to seizures, learning difficulties, and other neurological problems. Hypoglycemia that is left untreated for prolonged periods can lead to neurological damage and death. Other features of familial glucocorticoid deficiency can include recurrent infections and skin coloring darker than that of other family members (hyperpigmentation).

Familial glucocorticoid deficiency is a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands, which are hormone-producing glands located on top of each kidney, do not produce certain hormones called glucocorticoids. These hormones, which include cortisol and corticosterone, aid in immune system function, play a role in maintaining normal blood sugar (glucose) levels, help trigger nerve cell signaling in the brain, and serve many other purposes in the body.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/familial-glucocorticoid-deficiency

Clinical features

From HPO
Bilateral cryptorchidism
MedGen UID:
96568
Concept ID:
C0431663
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of both testes from the scrotum owing to failure of the testis or testes to descend through the inguinal canal to the scrotum.
Achalasia
MedGen UID:
5023
Concept ID:
C0014848
Disease or Syndrome
A disorder of esophageal motility characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax during swallowing and by inadequate or lacking peristalsis in the lower half of the body of the esophagus.
Focal motor seizure
MedGen UID:
5237
Concept ID:
C0016399
Disease or Syndrome
A type of focal-onset seizure characterized by a motor sign as its initial semiological manifestation.
Myoclonus
MedGen UID:
10234
Concept ID:
C0027066
Finding
Very brief, involuntary random muscular contractions occurring at rest, in response to sensory stimuli, or accompanying voluntary movements.
Spastic tetraparesis
MedGen UID:
658719
Concept ID:
C0575059
Disease or Syndrome
Spastic weakness affecting all four limbs.
Severe global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
332436
Concept ID:
C1837397
Finding
A severe delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child.
Intellectual disability, profound
MedGen UID:
892508
Concept ID:
C3161330
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Profound mental retardation is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) below 20.
Myoclonic seizure
MedGen UID:
1385980
Concept ID:
C4317123
Sign or Symptom
A myoclonic seizure is a type of motor seizure characterized by sudden, brief (<100 ms) involuntary single or multiple contraction of muscles or muscle groups of variable topography (axial, proximal limb, distal). Myoclonus is less regularly repetitive and less sustained than is clonus.
Brain atrophy
MedGen UID:
1643639
Concept ID:
C4551584
Disease or Syndrome
Partial or complete wasting (loss) of brain tissue that was once present.
Thin corpus callosum
MedGen UID:
1785336
Concept ID:
C5441562
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormally thin corpus callous, due to atrophy, hypoplasia or agenesis. This term is intended to be used in situations where it is not known if thinning of the corpus callosum (for instance, as visualized by magnetic resonance tomography) is due to abnormal development (e.g. a leukodystrophy) or atrophy following normal development (e.g. neurodegeneration).
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Recurrent pneumonia
MedGen UID:
195802
Concept ID:
C0694550
Disease or Syndrome
An increased susceptibility to pneumonia as manifested by a history of recurrent episodes of pneumonia.
Hypoglycemia
MedGen UID:
6979
Concept ID:
C0020615
Disease or Syndrome
A decreased concentration of glucose in the blood.
Recurrent hypoglycemia
MedGen UID:
335382
Concept ID:
C1846288
Finding
Recurrent episodes of decreased concentration of glucose in the blood.
Hyperpigmentation of the skin
MedGen UID:
57992
Concept ID:
C0162834
Pathologic Function
A darkening of the skin related to an increase in melanin production and deposition.
Decreased circulating cortisol level
MedGen UID:
322961
Concept ID:
C1836623
Finding
Abnormally reduced concentration of cortisol in the blood.
Abnormal circulating renin
MedGen UID:
866691
Concept ID:
C4021038
Finding
A deviation from the normal concentration of renin in the blood, a central hormone in the control of blood pressure and various other physiological functions.
Increased circulating ACTH level
MedGen UID:
867375
Concept ID:
C4021740
Finding
An abnormal increased in the concentration of corticotropin, also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), in the blood.
Alacrima
MedGen UID:
87488
Concept ID:
C0344505
Disease or Syndrome
Absence of tear secretion.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVGlucocorticoid deficiency 2

Recent clinical studies

Diagnosis

Khattab A, Nelson-Williams C, Cabreza V, Macdonald A, Loring E, Saland J, New MI
Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018 Dec;1433(1):7-11. Epub 2018 Aug 21 doi: 10.1111/nyas.13962. PMID: 30129976
Habeb AM, Hughes CR, Al-Arabi R, Al-Muhamadi A, Clark AJ, Metherell LA
Eur J Pediatr 2013 Oct;172(10):1407-10. Epub 2013 May 26 doi: 10.1007/s00431-013-2044-1. PMID: 23708259

Prognosis

Habeb AM, Hughes CR, Al-Arabi R, Al-Muhamadi A, Clark AJ, Metherell LA
Eur J Pediatr 2013 Oct;172(10):1407-10. Epub 2013 May 26 doi: 10.1007/s00431-013-2044-1. PMID: 23708259

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